Argumentative Essay Risky Giving - 1317 Words

â€Å"Risky Giving† In the Name of the Father and of the + Son and of the Holy Spirit. Amen. â€Å"Oh, you shouldn’t have. It’s too nice. It’s too expensive. I don’t deserve it. You shouldn’t have bothered†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"You bought me a present? Why would you do such a thing? Oh, I know you think you’re being generous, but the foundation of gift giving is reciprocity. You haven’t given me a gift. You’ve given me an obligation.† (Sheldon Cooper, Big Bang Theory) And that’s how our world – and our sinful nature – understands gift-giving, no matter when it happens: not a gift, but a transaction, a bargain, a deal. We give in order to get in return. To our old sinful nature, gifts are marked Free with an asterisk. There are always conditions or strings attached to our gift giving. Now I’ve gotta do something for you. Give something back. Measure up. And we treat a day of Thanksgiving no differently. Obligation. Duty. Somehow, we must give God a gift of equal measure – a thank you note worthy of his appreciation. But there’s the hang up; you can’t. What could you possibly give that Jesus doesn’t already have? If life and forgiveness with God is a transaction, our sin leaves us dead every time; sorry, but your card is denied; your credit is no good here. We’ve got it all backwards. For man’s ways of gift-giving are not God’s ways: In the fullness of time God gave His only begotten Son, to be born of a Virgin, to be born under the Law to redeem us who are under the Law. He was given up, betrayed. HeShow MoreRelatedArgumentative Essay : Education Reform1906 Words   |  8 Pages Asehun 1 Senay Asehun Ms. McAlister Eng. 112 – 21 28 April, 2016 Argumentative Essay on Education Reform The year is 2012. In the movie Back to the Future II, two years from now, in 2016, Marty McFly travels from the past to save his family’s future. The future is almost upon us, and yet it would seem that our education system has changed little since Back to the Future hit theaters in 1985. â€Å"We still have same teachersRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages............................................................................................ 97 Being Too General .............................................................................................................................. 101 Giving Too Many Details .................................................................................................................. 105 Being Pseudoprecise .........................................................................................Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesare especially relevant for students who have had little managerial experience or skill training. These supplements foster skill development needed to implement assignments typically included in a management skill-building course. Writing reports, giving class presentations, interviewing managers, and conducting group meetings are all prerequisites for building skills in the core management skill areas, so we have provided material on these three topics that students will find helpful. 18 INTRODUCTION Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Human Resource Management (HRM)? 544 glOBalization! Performance Appraisal Around the World 558 An Ethical Choice Recruiting the Unemployed 561 Self-Assessment Library How Good Am I at Giving Performance Feedback? 563 Myth or Science? â€Å"Work Is Making Us Fat† 564 Point/Counterpoint Social Media Is a Great Source of New Hires 567 Questions for Review 568 Experiential Exercise Evaluating Performance and Providing Feedback 568 Ethical DilemmaRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesDevelopment Department was established to provide il coordination between departments, but they have not really helped. They just stick their nose in when things are going good and mess everything up. They have been out to see several customers, giving them information and delivery dates that we can t possibly meet. John Rich: I have several engineers who have MBA degrees and are pushing hard for better positions within engineering or management. They keep talking that formal project managementRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pagesmore sophisticated, articulate, and unwilling to settle for what management theorists call the lower-level needs. â€Å"Managing participation is a balancing act: between management control and team opportunity; between getting the work done quickly and giving people a chance to learn; between seeking volunteers and pushing people into it; between too little team spirit and too much.†7 This requires managers to become better teachers and coaches, mentors, and developers of human pot ential, rather than â€Å"whip-wielding

Jane Eyre s Life Was Full Of Oppression, Neglect And Sorrow

Jane Eyre’s life was full of oppression, neglect and sorrow. The novel was formed around a few main ideas. One of those would be the search of love and acceptance. Jane wanted to find a family so desperately and she wanted to belong to people. More than this though, Jane wanted to be treated equally. She was denied equality because of her social status, her income,her lack of â€Å"beauty† and most of all because of her gender. The book Jane Eyre shows the struggle that women face while attempting to overcome oppression and inequality in the Victorian era. Ever since she was a child, Jane had always been outspoken and opinionated. Even though these two characteristics were not seen to be fit for a girl or women, Jane always had the confidence to do the opposite of what was expected of her. An example of this is in the beginning of the novel, when Jane fights back to her brutal cousin John Reed. John was a bully to Jane and in one specific scene, he calls her a rat and m ocks her for being an orphan. He throws a book at her and her head starts to bleed. Jane says, â€Å"Wicked and cruel boy! You are like a murderer- you are like a slave driver- you are like the Roman emperors!† This was surprising because Jane was only a small child and small girls did not normally show anger or say harsh things like she had. After this scene, my opinion of Jane’s character had already began to form: she was one tough girl. It was obvious that Jane had always questioned society s view of

George Orwell’s Animal Farm Free Essays

In the allegorical novel â€Å"Animal Farm†, author George Orwell reminds us how power can corrupt an individual. â€Å"Animal Farm† tells us about the rebellion of animals against humans. The rebellion is a great success and pigs, being the most intelligent animals, take control. We will write a custom essay sample on George Orwell’s Animal Farm or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, as time goes on, life for the other animals becomes worse while the pigs prosper. Orwell based this book on Russian communism and used Stalin as prototype for Napoleon. He also tries to demonstrate that once a person has complete power, that individual will become corrupt and will do anything in order to maintain it. Orwell wanted this novel to be a warning for future societies. An example of that is seen in the character Napoleon who slaughters any animal who openly opposes him. He also uses different methods of psychological manipulation and physical threats to maintain his hierarchy of leadership. Napoleon attempts to maintain his power by threatening animals physically, even slaughtering them. For instance, he slaughtered four pigs that opposed him when he abolished the Sunday Meetings. Napoleon killed them using his dogs because they questioning and criticizing his decisions and leadership. If that continued, other animals would start to analyse the situation and come to the conclusion that Napoleon was in fact a poor and corrupted leader. Napoleon could not let this happen, so he murdered the pigs because they confessed that they had been secretly in touch with Snowball ever since the expulsion, that they had collaborated with him in destroying the windmill, and that they had entered into an agreement with him to hand over Animal Farm to Mr Frederick†. Napoleon also murdered three hens (that had been the ringleaders in the attempted rebellion over the eggs) after they stated that Snowball had appeared to them in a dream and incited them to disobey Napoleon’s orders†. However, it is obvious that Napoleon simply decided to get rid of all opposition. Mass murder was not the only physical threat used by Napoleon. At one point in the novel, hens did not wish to give up their eggs to Napoleon, so he cut off their food supply. Napoleon starved the hens because they opposed him, just like the pigs. Orwell tries to show us that once a dictator gains power, he will not accept any criticism or opposition and will simply murder whoever questions his leadership. For example, a Chilean dictator called Augusto Pinochet murdered over forty thousand people during his first month of power simply because they questioned his decisions. But, Napoleon could not always go to extreme measures such as executing the opposition so he employed Squealor to persuade animals through rhetoric. For example, Squealer, Napoleon’s right hand, made up a statistic that animals had more oats, more hay and more turnips than they had had in Jones’s day. They also worked shorter hours, had better quality drinking water, lived longer, saw an increased number of their young ones survive infancy, had more straw in their stalls and suffered less from fleas†. In combination with complete isolation from other farms, other animals could not prove Squealer wrong so they believed that they actually had a much better life than other farms. In reality, the animals had even lower food rations than those living on other farms. Napoleon also encourages other animals to use Boxer’s slogans such as â€Å"Napoleon is Always Right† and â€Å"I Will Work Harder†Ã¢â‚¬ . Boxer is very loyal to Napoleon due to his low intelligence but he is respected by other animals because of his strength and stubbornness. Napoleon knows that animals will listen to Boxer and try to work as hard as Boxer. In this case, Orwell tries to show that dictators carefully control the flow of information and simply block anything that could potentially harm them (a contemporary example is the Chinese government blocking web-sites such as YouTube because they sometimes contain information that the government deems to be inappropriate). However, making up statistics would not be enough to control the animals so Napoleon used patriotic songs and the seven commandments in order to manipulate the animals. He attempted to make the other animals believe that he was the wisest, kindest leader they had. He did it by replacing â€Å"Beasts of England† â€Å"with â€Å"Comrade Napoleon†Ã¢â‚¬ , a song that contains lyrics such as â€Å"Full belly twice a day, clean straw to roll upon; Every beast big and small sleeps at peace in his stall, thou watchest over all, Comrade Napoleon! This song helps Napoleon maintain his leadership as the animals believe every word it says. Another example of biasing the truth is when Squealer explains why pigs take apples and milk. He justifies it by saying â€Å"Milk and apples contain substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig. We pigs are brain-workers. The whole management and organization of this farm depends on us. Day and night we are watching over your welfare. It is for YOUR sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples. Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed in our duty? Jones would come back! Yes, Jones would come back! â€Å"† Squealer confuses animals with words such as â€Å"substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig † and then acts on the fear of the fact that Jones may come back, although in reality Jones was on the other end of the country. Dictators such as Stalin justified their actions using reasons similar to Squealer’s. These reasons were similar in a way that they acted on people’s fears, causing them to believe everything Stalin said. Orwell’s novel is based on Russian communism and it criticizes the decisions and methods used by Stalin using Napoleon as a representation of him. However, Orwell also tries to warn future generations. Orwell wanted to show what the future would look like if nobody ever questioned their leaders. He wanted to show that once a person obtained great power, he could become corrupt and a many people would suffer because of it. People need to speak their mind, criticize and question everything their government says, otherwise leaders will not care about their people. But, at some point, people may get tired of totalitarianism and they will rebel against their leaders, just like people did in Egypt. One last thing that Orwell wanted to show is how much propaganda can influence people and how hard it can be to regain freedom of speech using examples of the mass executions of animals and the fact that nobody â€Å"dared to speak his mind â€Å"after this mass slaughter. â€Å" How to cite George Orwell’s Animal Farm, Essay examples

Information Technology Tools in Business-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Role of Information Technology in Enabling Open Innovation. Answer: Introduction In the present dynamic and continuously changing business environment, it is necessary for the organisations to continuously evolve and innovate in order to sustain, survive and thrive in the long run. Open innovation is a relatively new field of study which encourages the organisations to innovatively collaborate with their external stakeholders which includes their customers, suppliers etc. to contribute to the development of the organisation by supplying ideas and methods to innovate. In order to implement open innovation in the organisations, a number of mechanisms have been developed and proposed in the past, and are also being developed continuously. The most common and widely practiced approach to open innovation as suggested by Gassmann and Enkel is the one involving the outside in and inside out flow of knowledge (Gassmann Enkel, 2004). The outside in flow of knowledge and innovation takes place when the ideas come from the external partners towards the decision makers of t he organisation, encouraging them to innovate and experiment with different approaches. An example of this approach is increasing customer focus of the organisation. On the other hand, the inside out flow of knowledge for open innovation of an organisation is said to be practiced when the external partners of the organisation accelerate the commercialization of innovative ideas related to the firm, and help in their realization. An example of Inside Out flow of knowledge can be the organizations selling their intellectual property (Desouza, 2007). This research report is written with an intent to explore and analyze the role of information technology and study how it acts as an enabler of open innovation. It has been seen in the past few years that there is a tremendous increase in growth towards innovation or general knowledge to maximize the advantage of not just innovation, but also the strategies that can help the organizations in examining the practice of open innovation (Huizi ngh, 2011). Therefore, there is a need of implementation of open innovation in the organizations today. Innovation is considered as an important approach to analyze the competitive power in the long term in this unstable economy and the business environment. Nowadays, organizations are suggested to take an open approach to work with their evolution process and assist them to collaborate with their partners, consumers, retailers or other individuals that can provide innovative ideas. This approach is called the open innovation, which is gaining a lot of support by organizations all around the world. Open innovation is a new form of innovation that is making the firms carry out and assessment of their leadership positions (Lam, 2004). This approach helps in the reflection of the productivity and profitability of the organisation, as well as their performance with the strategies. Adopting an open approach to innovation has helped the organisations in reviewing their business strategies and models, in order to embrace the non traditional and innovative ideas and approaches to business operations. Major corporations like IBM, GE, Boeing, and Proctor Gamble have integrated online crowdsourcing platforms as part of their open innovation programs. Likewise, the open source software movement is also often viewed as a role model for open innovation (Whelan, et al., 2009). While some of these experiments and approaches may struggle by challenging the current views of the workplaces on strategy, the same could also contribute towards the success of these approaches (Carmen Jose, 2008). Related work Information technology in general has been observed to contribute significantly towards the adoption of open innovative practices by the organisations. There are a number of finer levels of information technology practices, which when studied specifically, can help in gaining a better understanding of the complexities of this contribution and the capabilities of these technologies in enhancing the organisational performance and productivity. This section of the report comprises of a brief description of some of the relevant researches that have been conducted in the area of information technology and its role in the promotion of open innovation in the organisations. This section also highlights the work or studies completed by the experts in their respective fields, related to the topic of the research report. Open innovation is a term coined by Henry Chesbrough which implies to a concept that advocates in favour of the organisations, to work towards the exploitation of the inflow an d outflow of knowledge, in order to accelerate the internal innovation within the organisation and also expand and promote the use of innovation in the external areas. This is a by product of the world becoming increasingly boundary free due to advancement in technology and information systems (Chesbrough, 2003). Schumpeter has differentiated between innovation, which involves the introduction of new products, methods or forms of industrial organization, and invention, which is the discovery of technical knowledge which is new to the industry and finding its practical applications (Schumpeter, 2009). Information technology is divided into various smaller modules that help in studying the role of IT in enabling open innovation. These smaller modules will help in improving the understanding of IT in open innovation by providing extracted level of analysis. Also, these different modules of IT may cancel out functionalities or features of each other and thus, do not impact much on the p rocesses of open innovation. According to the study, the role of IT in open innovation made by these smaller modules are considered as of much importance. The previous studies stated that these final modules help us in analyzing the association between the IT and the innovation (Steiber, 2012). These modules also provide the explanation of the role played by the smaller module of IT in enabling open innovation by forming a strategy towards innovation. The implementation of new and remarkably important study which describes the product and services or a new method in bringing the best practices in business or workplace organization developing external relations are there factors of innovation. The organizations try to improve their marketplace and have developed ways that are beneficial for their operations in terms of monetary and financial actions. However, it has been observed that there is no specific strategy that can help any organization to make it successful in each and every case. The suggestions provided to the organizations with the help of partners, people, consumers, retailers, suppliers etc is known as open up innovation process. Many organizations prefer to use open innovation strategy to build business Alliance with other organizations (Razavi Attarnezhad, 2013). The innovation is also considered to have happened if it is implemented by the organization. A creation is a very immediate or direct concept of open innovation to increase the chances of innovation. Many companies or organizations moving or changing their strategies toward open innovation approach so as to enhance their chances of innovation. This can be better explained by an example which says that many organizations have created the web pages or websites which help the target visitors or customers to submit their views or ideas who visit their website for some information. In addition to this, the customer online communities like blogs, forums, and clubs are the sources for retriev ing the creative ideas from the potential clients that can bring into perfection the organization innovation process. On using an open innovative approach, organizations canevaluate their output or results to find out whether their output and the efficiency of the organization increases, decreases or remains constant or static with respect to their present situations. Open Innovative literature consist of search conflicting results related to the effectiveness of the approach. These conflicting results have also been explained by many organizations. Financial benefits, number of revolutions, and change of innovations measures and forms a creative idea to evaluate the impact of various open innovation practices implemented to improve the performance. To accelerate the internal open innovation for inflow of knowledge, which is the first process or inbound open innovation and the expansion of the market for the external use of open innovation is called outbound process. Inbound open in novation and outbound open innovation are compatible with the scanning of latest technologies while integrating the customers retailers. External knowledge and practice of bringing the new and latest ideas to the market for selling different packages are made with the help of outside in and inside out respectively (Azar Ciabuschi, 2017). There are different processes with the help of which the applications of IT help in the open innovation processes. First part of these processes is known as knowledge management which helps in improving the capability to search and improve the data management the data mining techniques. This also helps in analyzing the knowledge from existing databases by connecting knowledge connection or network. The second one is known as the innovation production which helps in identifying the opportunity to develop the concept and designing innovation (Carlsson Session, 2017). The third one is called external innovation partnership which has been creating the bonds for exchanging the information with different organizations or partners and developing the relationship between organization and other service providers. Based on the absorption capacity theory there are three processes or mechanism which helps in introducing the IT enabled knowledge capabilities that helps in achieving innovation. T hese are described as: IT enabled potential absorptive capacity IT enabled realized absorptive capacity, and IT enabled social integration capacity. Based upon this segregation and on the motivational condition described in the research paper, this study helps us in identifying the role of IT enabled capabilities that helps in the promotion of open innovation. Therefore, there is a continued sequence that is not perceptibly different from each other with respect to inbound and open innovation approaches. The organizations which are using the inbound open innovation might buy the technological resolutions. For the innovation and to support and integrate the user defined ideas which are collected from the end users using the resources like websites, blogs, forms, etc. These are the general strategy used by the organizations as an inbound open innovation which is called innovation figures. So, there are also innovation providers which help the organization to send the products to the sellers. The study of approaches towards innovation like, open innovation, can help us understand the role of IT in an open innovation. While the open approach to innovation is growing in its popularity, there is a lack of detailed literature and empirical studies on this topic that will help in quantifying the impact that this may have on the organizational performance and profitability. That being studied, this research describes the gap to get the detailed understanding of the role of IT in enabling an open innovation from different perspectives. In the information technology literature, there is a concept of open source software which is a best example for the open innovation, which requires special attention. It has observed in the study by William R. King on Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning that there are three approaches which can be used by the organization for the innovation process (Knig, 2009). The first one is the knowledge management which helps in improving the c apability of the user to search and implement various data mining techniques so as to generate valuable information from the existing database. The second one is the innovation production which helps in identifying the opportunities, development of concepts, and designing innovations. The third one is the external intervention collaboration which helps in building the business line organized with the external market. A number of organisations belonging to different industries are strategizing and continuously and innovating their approaches to embrace the volatility and the continuous change within the business environment. A few examples of these are observed in the form of platforms like Lego ideas which is a Japanese subsidiary of The Lego group that allows people to suggest ideas for the development of Lego (Starbucks, 2017). A poll is then conducted, in which the ideas receiving maximum support are developed and the person contributing to the same is rewarded. Another such init iative isstarted by Starbucks by creating a website through which anyone is allowed to submit their unique and innovative business ideas related to the coffee products, customer service, customer experience and the organizational involvement in the society to Starbucks.Dell Idea Storm was another innovative practice launched by Dell in February 2007. With the help of their website, they allow people to add articles and promote or demote them to help the organisation in estimating and understanding the ideas that the people consider relevant or important (LEGO Group, 2017). Preliminaries Open Innovation and its adoption has gained momentum in practice as well as theory over the last decade. This section of the research report comprises of the preliminary information related to the research, by defining the theoretical constructs related to open innovation, as well as an explanation of the basic concepts related to it. This also covers the boundary conditions required for the implementation of open innovation in the organisations, and the motivation that the organisations get behind it (Stowe Grider, 2014). This research report deals with the identification and exploration of the role that information technology plays in enabling open innovation in the work places and the organisations. Some of the basic concepts and definitions that need to be understood to study the implications of the same are compiled in this section (Koen, 2008). Innovation The organization for Economic Co-operation and Development has defined innovation as the practice of implementation of a product, process, marketing method or the organisational method which is new and significantly improved, in the business organisation and practice. If an organisation commercializes an idea related to a business product, service or the business process, they are said to have innovated in their business practice (Schmidt Rammer, 2006). The gathering or creation of knowledge that is abstract or the mere invention of a new product or business process cannot be considered innovation until the same is transformed in the organisation into operating procedures or tools that contribute to the growth of the business in any way (OECD, 2005). Most approaches to describe innovation processes incorporate three generic steps: a phase where ideas are collected or generated (idea generation), another one to develop and specify those ideas (idea development) and finally the culminating step where creation of value takes place by the transformation of ideas into products (idea commercialization) (Polder Mohnen, 2010). Open innovation Innovation is an organisation specific, and continuously evolving strategy and there is no single form of innovation that works every time for any given organisation or idea. Open innovation is an approach of business innovation, in which, the organisation opens up to the inside out form of knowledge gaining by inviting ideas from the external sources and stakeholders of the organisation. Traditionally, innovation was implemented in the organisation in a closed form by having an in-house research and development team which used to carry out studies and analysis to produce innovative ideas and contribute to the growth of the business. Quite opposite to it, open approach of innovation allows the firms to operate together in collaboration with the individuals as well as organisations outside (Chesbrough Appleyard, 2007). Popularized by Chesbrough as a business idea, open innovation accelerates the internal innovation process of the organisation and also expands their market for a bette r inflow of information, knowledge and innovative ideas. Co-creation and crowd sourcing are some of the most common forms of open innovation that are practiced by the business organisations today. Open innovation is gaining a lot of popularity in the present business world with a number of organizations shifting their innovation strategies towards this approach. Open innovation expands the chances and possibilities for the organisation and increases their inflow of knowledge. It should be noted that open innovation is not an objective decision as there are a number of approaches that are closely related but still different from each other, that need to be considered when adopting the open innovation approach for an organisation. While there are success stories like those of Starbucks, Dell and Lego being the organisations who have leveraged open innovation approach and have benefited from it, this approach can only be effective when combined with a detailed in house study of the inn ovative ideas gathered by the sources as well (Gassman, et al., 2010). Research methodology and expected outcomes The research design adopted to carry out this study is descriptive research design. Most of the studies carried out that are related to market trends and social issues follow the descriptive and exploratory research process. In this research we have explored the topic of open innovation and the role of information technology in its promotion among the business organisations (Chesbrough Crowther, 2006). This research has looked for you new insights related to these topics and developed propositions for further research on the same. This research will help the reader in gaining a better understanding of the topic of open innovation as well as communicate how information technology helps in the enhancement of the same among the organisations (IBM Corporation, 2005). A descriptive research answers the basic Who? What? Where? When? and How? questions. It helps in building a picture of the problem being explored, and is used to examine the key issues or trends related to it (Hall, 2012). The data collected for this research has been majorly sourced from secondary data sources. These are the various published and unpublished articles, magazines, websites, researches and peer reviewed journals which contain data related to the topic being researched (Chesbrough, 2015). This is a qualitative research that gives out an ideographic description of the topic and the concepts related to it. These type of researches are rich in context and possess a high validity quotient. Qualitative research helps in raising more open ended questions that increase the scope of further research on the selected topic. It helps in the development of ideas for products, services and business processes like open innovation and helps the organisations in strategizing and developing policies that guide their processes and overall performance (Yun, et al., 2016). This research will help in the generation and development of ideas related to open innovation for the organisations and supply a greater depth and wider context to this topic. An ad hoc research addresses a given issue or topic at a certain point of time. For this research, and ad hoc study has been conducted by the finding out and analyzing the contribution of information technology in popularizing and enhancing the use of open innovation by the organisations (Deloitte, 2013). Findings and discussion Open innovation is found to be beneficial for the organisations as it helps in broadening the range of theoretical perspectives for the organisation for the development of their business processes and getting more ideas to change the way they strategize their working. This also makes the results of the research process more dynamic and fosters innovation by increasing the impact and the proliferation level of the resultant ideas. Although there are a number of organisations and the examples of their cases available, that have helped them in flourishing and making the management research process better equipped and more effective, there are still ongoing debates about the theoretical foundations of open innovation as the statistical evidences on this topic are lacking due to this being a new concept in business development. The three core open innovation processes that have been identified are 1) The outside-in process: Enriching an organizations own knowledge base through the integra tion of suppliers, customers, and external knowledge sourcing can increase a company's innovativeness. 2) The inside-out process: The external exploitation of ideas in different markets, selling intellectual property and multiplying technology by channelling ideas to the external environment. 3) The coupled process: Linking outside-in and inside-out by working in alliances with complementary companies during which give and take are crucial for success. The introduction of open innovation strategy in the business environment has posed a challenge in front of the traditional strategies followed by the organisation. In order to promote open innovation and make use of the ideas that are generated from this, it is necessary that the organisations validate the ideas for their ownership and the possibility of creation of value for the organisation. Another factor that is important and should be kept in mind by the organisations adopting the open innovation business strategy is to ensure th at the contribution and idea generation process for open innovation is transparent and fair. To promote an unbiased inflow of ideas, the businesses must also work towards claiming the ownership of the ideas being raised for excluding any other organisation from copying the idea, or working on it at the same time. Technology has not only fostered the process of adoption of open innovation by the business organisations, it has revolutionized the way organisations make use of this approach to analyse the strategies and develop their products and services. The information technology tools like websites, web portals and open source programs have further widened the reach of these strategies, and has allowed maximum participation of the external sources in contributing towards innovating the business practices of the organisation adopting this approach. The given figure lists the organisations operating in the field of information technology that rely on various degrees of open and closed innovation. Figure: Adoption of open and closed innovation strategy by the organizations (Chesbrough, 2015) In the above matrix the organisations are classified on the basis of the strategies for the creation of value for the organisation and the method they adopt for capturing the created values. Value creation is done by either in house team that conducts the research and development activities for the organisation, or by adopting the open innovation approach driving the community to contribute towards the generation of ideas for innovation by the business. The other dimension comprises of capturing the value that is created by both open and closed initiatives for the business development and its realization by the organisation or by the larger community to which the organisation belongs to. This variance can be seen in the working of these organisations. For example, Microsoft is an organisation having an in house value creation team which works towards building ideas for the development of the organisation and the value that is created from those ideas is also captured within the busin ess organisation only by keeping source codes of their operating system and other applications within the organisation (Chesbrough, 2013). Similarly, Google Inc. is one organisation that creates value with the help of advertisers and capture this value within the organisation only by keeping their proprietary search algorithms as the intellectual property of the organisation and also keeping the auction bidding system of Google for the advertisers only. While both Microsoft and Google have benefited by practicing these approaches, the organisations and individuals working within and close to their environment have also benefited from the same. To give an example for the same, a number of organisations place their ads on the Google search engine which helps in bolstering their performance and in turn benefits Google financially. Quite opposite to this principle, the community driven initiatives produce ideas for goods and services that help in value creation across a larger group of people and contribute to the public good. In the world of information technology, Linux is the biggest examples of open source operating system that allows coordination and invention in a collective manner by allowing the people to contribute to their growth and allowing them to use the services of the organisation as well. Information Technology enables the organisations to collaborate their capability and further strengthens the open innovative strategies of the organisations by linking their external partners, who are the contributors of the innovative ideas, to the medium that is used for information exchange (Vanhaverbeke Chesbrough, 2014). If an organisation wishes to optimally utilize the open innovative strategy, and attract the external partners for the contribution of information and innovative ideas, they require an implementation of information technology tools. These tools coordinate the business process, and make it faster and more effective. The organisations that ar e willing to innovate more openly are more likely to make use of information technology tools by synergizing the ideas with the methods for application for the same into the business processes. This helps in external collaboration of the information for open innovation of the organisation. Just like the information technology tools empower external collaboration, they also allow the internal members of the organisations to communicate and collaborate in a better way. Particularly, the integration and networking tools of information technology provide a mechanism to these members to integrate and collaborate with each other (Cassiman, 2013) These tools promote interaction among the members and keep them connected by allowing easier and faster way of communication within and outside the workplace. They also help in coordinating the business activities. The information technology tools create a seamless network for the people in the organisation to devise the tools and share the knowledge on real time basis (Hague, 2009). With the help of the IT enabled mechanism of the organisation, the people within and outside the organisation are able to collaborate and co-ordinate with each other to share and store the data collected by them andcan easily gain access to this data whenever and wherever required. The internal communication systems, organisation specific social networks, blogs and organisational websites are the most commonly used information technology tools that enable internal collaboration and information exchange in the organisations. Once the information from these internal and external sources has been acquired i t is important to make use of this knowledge and transform it to improve the organisational performance by forming innovative strategies and policies (Cosh, et al., 2014). In this stage as well, information technology plays an important role by providing the organisations with tools like integrated process management, systems for knowledge management, data storage and retrieval software etc. that support the entire knowledge processing system of the organisation (Gassmann Enkel, 2010). Additional programs like those for improving business intelligence, analyzing the organisational performance and the data, data mining software, software that help in creation of a simulation environment that lets the organisation test the ideas, support system for organisational decision making, the analytical processing of the organisational data, data compilation tools like digital dashboard, technologies that help in virtualization and visualization of the created ideas and programs and the exper t systems that help in reasoning of the cases being analysed and ideas being processed are all a product of information technology. Organisations that lean towards innovative information technology tools, can exploit the ideas generated from both external and internal sources better and accomplish their goals for open innovation. The information technology tools provide a structure for knowledge processing and testing by the organisations, in order to allow them to get maximum benefits from the ideas generated in the previous steps (Gassmann Enkel, 2010) Conclusion This research report comprises of a study of the role that information technology plays in enabling open innovation in the organisations. For this, a brief overview of the concepts of open innovation and the various practices related to it is included in this report, along with a study on the general role of information technology in the business operations. This research offers valuable contribution in the field of open innovation as well as information systems in business. For the study, the business innovation process has been analysed to identify the various steps involved in it, and how changing the approach of business Innovation process and its alignment towards open innovation can bring about changes in the business process and strategies. This report can provide the business practitioners, decision makers and managers with useful insights regarding open innovation and the collaboration of the ideas generated for the same, which is done with the help of application of informa tion technology tools in business. Being an academic research, there are certain limitations to this research that should also be addressed here. Any research carried out primarily for academic purposes is generally limited in the availability of time and resources available for the conduction of it. The same holds true for this research. Another limitation that this study suffers from, is that it uses secondary data sources for the gathering the data for the research. The credibility of the data collected relies heavily on the credibility of the sources from which it has been collected. Following a qualitative research design for the conduction of this study, an accurate figurative measurement could not be made for measuring the impact of information technology on the adoption of open innovative practices by the organisations. Therefore, there is a further scope of research in this topic by adopting a quantitative research model to study the monetary benefits that the organizations can or are enjoying by adopting this practice. Being an extremely dynamic area of research, information technology and its trends and developments keep on changing and progressing rapidly. Therefore, further studies should be continued on this topic so that the knowledge on these areas is enhanced to adopt more innovative practices in the workplaces and to help the managers with their decision making process. There is no empirical study that has been published that quantifies the impact that information technology has on open innovation in the organisations. Further study which is exploratory and descriptive in nature, can help in offering insights in these areas as well. References Azar, G. Ciabuschi, F., 2017. Organizational Innovation, Technological Innovation, and Export Performance: The Effects of Innovation Radicalness and Extensiveness, Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307547234_Organizational_Innovation_Technological_Innovation_and_Export_Performance_The_Effects_of_Innovation_Radicalness_and_Extensiveness Carlsson, S. Session, J., 2017. Enabling and enhancing potential absorptive capacity through the use of ICT, Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sven_Carlsson2/publication/228415613_ENABLING_AND_ENHANCING_POTENTIAL_ABSORPTIVE_CAPACITY_THROUGH_THE_USE_OF_ICT/links/0fcfd5126b1581560a000000/ENABLING-AND-ENHANCING-POTENTIAL-ABSORPTIVE-CAPACITY-THROUGH-THE-USE-OF-ICT.pdf Carmen, C. Jose, G., 2008. The role of technological and organizational innovation in the relation between market orientation and performance in cultural organizations. European Journal of Innovation Management, 11(3), pp. 413-434. Cassiman, B., 2013. What Is Open innovation Really, Available at: https://mackinstitute.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Cassiman-Bruno-Valentini-Giovanni_What-Is-Open-Innovation-Really_v2.pdf Chesbrough, H., 2003. The Era of Open Innovation, Available at: https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/the-era-of-open-innovation/ Chesbrough, H., 2013. Managing open innovation in large firms, Available at: https://www.iao.fraunhofer.de/images/iao-news/studie_managing_open-innovation.pdf Chesbrough, H., 2015. From Open Science to Open Innovation, Available at: https://www.fosteropenscience.eu/sites/default/files/pdf/1798.pdf Chesbrough, H. Appleyard, M., 2007. Open Innovation and strategy. California management review, 50(1), pp. 57-90. Chesbrough, H. Crowther, A., 2006. Beyond high tech: early adopters of open innovation in other industries, Available at: https://web.simmons.edu/~weigle/INNOVATION/Chesbrough%20and%20Kardon.pdf Cosh, A. et al., 2014. Open Innovation by UK businesses, Available at: https://www.uk-irc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Open_Innovation_research_paper_web.pdf Deloitte, 2013. Executing an open innovation model: Cooperation is key to competition for biopharmaceutical companies, Available at: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/us/Documents/life-sciences-health-care/us-lshc-open-innovation.pdf Desouza, K., 2007. Roles of Information Technology in Distributed and Open Innovation Process. pp. 1-11, Available at: https://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1795context=amcis2007 Gassmann, O. Enkel, E., 2004. Towards a Theory of Open Innovation: Three Core Process Archetypes, Available at: https://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/274/ Gassmann, O. Enkel, E., 2010. The Future of Open Innovation, Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227679791_The_Future_of_Open_Innovation Gassman, O., Enkel, E. Chesbrough, H., 2010. The future of open innovation. Wiley journal, 40(3), pp. 213-220. Hague, J., 2009. How to implement open innovation, Available at: https://www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/uploads/Resources/Reports/OI_Report.pdf Hall, B., 2012. Open Innovation and Intellectual Property Rights The Two-edged Sword, Available at: https://eml.berkeley.edu/~bhhall/papers/BHH09_IPR_openinnovation.pdf Huizingh, E., 2011. Open innovation: State of the art and future perspectives. Technovation journal, January, 31(1), pp. 2-9. IBM Corporation, 2005. Strategic Innovation Open Innovation, Available at: https://www-935.ibm.com/services/sg/igs/pdf/vn-open-innovation.pdf Knig, W., 2009. Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning, Available at: https://www.uky.edu/~gmswan3/575/KM_and_OL.pdf Koen, P., 2008. The fuzzy front end for incremental, platform and breakthrough products and services, Available at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.489.6691rep=rep1type=pdf Lam, A., 2004. Organizational Innovation: Brunel Research in Enterprise, Innovation, Sustainability, and Ethics, Available at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.131.9638rep=rep1type=pdf LEGO Group, 2017. Have an idea for a LEGO set?. [Online] Available at: https://ideas.lego.com/dashboard OECD, 2005. A framework for biotechnology statistics, Available at: https://www.oecd.org/sti/sci-tech/34935605.pdf Polder, M. Mohnen, P., 2010. product, process and organizational innovation drivers, complementarity and productivity effects, Available at: https://www.cirano.qc.ca/pdf/publication/2010s-28.pdf Razavi, S. Attarnezhad, O., 2013. Management of Organizational Innovation. International Journal of Business and Social Science, January, 4(1), pp. 1-7. Schmidt, T. Rammer, C., 2006. The determinants and effects of technological and nontechnological innovations Evidence from the German, Available at: https://www.oecd.org/sti/inno/37450197.pdf Schumpeter, J., 2009. Entrepreneurship as Innovation, Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1512266 Starbucks, 2017. What's your Starbucks idea?. [Online] Available at: https://ideas.starbucks.com/ Steiber, A., 2012. Organizational Innovations: A conceptualization of how they are created, diffused, and sustained, Available at: https://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/156232.pdf Stowe, C. Grider, D., 2014. Strategies for advancing organizational innovation. Journal of Management and Marketing Research, April, Volume 15, pp. 1-17. Vanhaverbeke, W. Chesbrough, H., 2014. A Classification of Open Innovation and Open Business Models, Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266737917_A_Classification_of_Open_Innovation_and_Open_Business_Models Whelan, E., Conboy, K., Crowston, K. Morgan, L., 2009. The Role of Information Systems in Enabling Open Innovation. Journal of the Association for Information Systems (JAIS). Yun, J., Yang, J. Park, K., 2016. Open Innovation to Business Model : New Perspective to connect between technology and market. Science, Technology and Society, 21(3)

Love`s Labor`s Lost Essays - Loves Labours Lost, Rosaline, Dumaine

Love`s Labor`s Lost In Love's Labor's Lost by William Shakespeare, King Ferdinand and his three attendants; Berowne, Longaville, and Dumaine, take a vow to swear off women and concentrate on their studies. This vow only lasted long enough for each man to lay his eyes on the Princess of France, Rosaline, Maria, and Katherine. The women receive love letters and gifts from the men who are trying to woo them. Although the ladies are flattered, they are disappointed by their loves' abilities to easily breaks their vows. Throughout the play, the men try to woo the ladies with out ever really interacting with them because they are ashamed of the breaking of their vows too. The men decide that they will woo once and for all at the masquerade that they will all be attending. The women, on the other hand, have a completely different idea of what the masquerade will determine. The women wear masks and plan on embarrassing the men, who are dressed as Russians, by not revealing their true identity. They can not believe the deceitful nature of the men and plan on teaching them a lesson. The princess says, "Therefore I do it, and I make no doubt/ The rest will [ne'er] come in, if he be out./ There's no such sport as sport by sport o'erthrown,/ To make theirs ours and none but our own;/ So shall we stay; mocking intended game,/ And they, will mock'd, depart away with shame." (237; V, ii l. 151-156). The masks that the women are wearing symbolize how they have hid their anger and frustration toward the men. They had never expressed their disgust with them prior to the masquerade and feel it necessary to show the men how foolish they have been for breaking their promises. The masks also show that the women were afraid to let their true feeling surface. A mask is a cover; therefore they have been covering up their inner thoughts and feelings about the mens' actions. It is hard for them to show the men their disappointment because they too are in love and feel that they truly are suitable lovers. However, they need their opinions to be expressed and appreciated. The plan works perfectly. Each man can only recognize his loved one by the jewelry that she is wearing, and since the ladies switched presents in order to play their parts, the men woo the wrong lady. The King woos Rosaline, Berowne woos the Princess, Dumaine woos Maria, and Longaville woos Katherine. The men were trying to be sweet to each lady, while the ladies were being rude and thoroughly confusing the men. The King approaches Rosaline by saying, "Blessed are the clouds, to do as such clouds do!/ Vouchsafe, bright moon, and these thy stars, to/ shine/ (Those clouds removed) upon our watery eyne." (237; V, ii l. 203-206). Rosaline, pretending to be the Princess, replies, "O vain petitioner! beg a greater matter,/ Thou now requests but moonshine in the water." (237; V,ii l. 207-208). Berowne, trying to impress Rosaline, approaches the Princess and says, "White-handed mistress, one sweet work with/ thee." (238; V,ii l. 229-230). The Princess comments, "Honey, and milk, and sugar: there is three." (238;V,ii l. 231). Mistaking Maria for Katherine, Dumaine states, "Fair lady - " (238; V, ii l. 237). Maria remarks, "Say you so? Fair lord-/ Take that for your fair lady." (238; V,ii l. 238-239). The masks proved that the men did not really know the ladies at all, and in reality were only in love with the beauty that was portrayed on the outside. Even though the four women are set on speaking their minds, they are beginning to have some doubts about embarrassing the men. They are afraid to continue pretending to be each other when the men return without their Russian costumes. The princess says, "What shall we do,/ If they return in their own shapes to woo?" (239; V,ii l. 298-299). Even though the women have not fully convinced themselves that making fools of the men is the right way to make them learn their lessons.

Buboonic Plague essays

Buboonic Plague essays No one - peasant or aristocrat - was safe from the disease [bubonic plague], and once it was contracted, a horrible and painful death was almost a certainty. The dead and the dying lay in the streets abandoned by frightened friends and relatives (482). This certainly paints an accurate and horrifying picture of the fourteenth century during the plague. The bubonic plague, also known as the Black Death or The Plague, (Hindley 103) was one of the major scourges of the Middle Ages. It killed indiscriminately without remorse or thought of consequences. Because the plague was so widespread, theories about causes, blame and a variety of supposed cures abounded. Most of these were without basis or fact and relied on myths and rumors. Theories for the causes and blames came from ignorance and hate, two horrible things married by fear. Some of the cures were not much better than the plague itself. The plague was transmitted to humans by fleas from infected rats that nested in people's roofs (Matthew 154). Fourteenth century man had no concept of how the disease was spread or how it could be stopped. The plague was transmitted to western Europe from China along trade routes (Matthew 154). Once the plague had reached the coast of Europe, it was soon transmitted to the countryside through the commercial trade networks (Matthew 154). The first cases of the plague occurred in a European colony called Genoa (Blum, Cameron and Barnes 38). It was "besieged in 1347" by mongols, who flung plague riddled bodies over the walls of Genoa. This was considered "an early form of biological warfare" (Blum, Cameron and Barnes 38). According to Matthews, "Experts could do nothing to cure or explain the plague" (154). The people of this period had no idea what they were dealing with. Even if they had known what caused the plague, their medical technology was almost nonexistent, so they could not have invented a cure (Matthew 154). Though the doctors of the tim...

Earth and space sciences topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Earth and space sciences topic - Essay Example Social media sites also were buzzing with news of the earthquake. Another reason people in central Chile were so upset is the fact that this same area suffered a massive 8.8 earthquake that killed hundreds of people and created a tsunami. Over 200,000 homes were destroyed in the quake two years ago. Many of the survivors blame the government for the high death toll because a faulty tsunami warning system led people to believe that the tsunami would not be destructive. The opposite turned out to be true. Over 30 billion dollars in damage resulted from the combined destructive forces of the earthquake and tsunami. Government officials assured people once again that there would not be a destructive tsunami after this earthquake, but many individuals did not trust the warning system. They evacuated coastal areas anyway. In the end, seismologists were correct in their prediction that this earthquake would not create a tsunami. They could tell that the movement of the plates was not the right king of movement necessary for a tsunami to form. In this case, there was no sudden uplift of the ocean floor, which is a necessary element in the creation of a tsunami. "Quake Just Offshore Chile Disaster Area Causes Panic, but Government Says No Tsunami." Washington Post. Washington Post, Inc., 23 Jan. 2012. Web. 23 Jan. 2012.

Significance of Normal Distribution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Significance of Normal Distribution - Essay Example These properties permit the normal distribution to be applied as the basis for estimating how huge or small sampling errors are. The normal distribution or normal curve is one of a biggest number of probable distributions; it has a standard deviation of 1 and a mean of 0. In most cases, it is not feasible to gather data on the whole target population. Supposed an entrepreneur plans to invest a shopping mall in a certain locality and decides to sell more clothings. He might be interested to know the body sizes of the people within the perimeter from the store, however, finds it impossible to collect all the data about the residents. Then, if the data subset or sample size of the population of interest can be considered instead of including the entire population. Hence, repeating the data gathering procedure would most likely lead to a different group of numbers. A framework or representation of the distribution is used to provide some sort of consistency to the results. Using normal distribution is very important since it provide appropriate description about the measures of the variables (height, weight, age, economic profile, reading ability, job satisfaction, work performance, memory, life span and many others) precisely and normally distributed.

An Assessment of the Need for Worker Representation in the 21st Essay

An Assessment of the Need for Worker Representation in the 21st Century - Essay Example ship: Aggregate union density: No union members: Union density of 50% or more: Recognised unions: (% employees) (% workplaces) (% workplaces) (% workplaces) All workplaces 34 64 48 30 Sector of ownership: Private 22 77 8 16 Public 64 7 62 90 Management attitudes towards union membership: In favour 60 8 58 84 Neutral 22 76 9 17 Not in favour 5 93 1 4 Table 2: Union Presence, by Sector of Ownership and Management Attitudes (Source: Marchington and Wilkinson 2008 p.390) The importance of management attitudes is discussed later in this paper. Employee Relations The latest ideas to involve workers more in the workplace are employee engagement and employee involvement and participation (EIP). These follow changes from collective and multi-employer bargaining brought about by international competition and globalisation. Increasingly, although employees have various rights enshrined in law, employers are dictating terms and, in some cases, unilaterally attempting to change contracts of emplo yment to the detriment of employees (Curtis 2010b). Heery (2009 p.334) discusses the representation gap, restating key themes of â€Å"union revitalisation, non-union representation and the effectiveness of public policy† as needing further research. Szell (2010 p.184) describes â€Å"the neo-liberal economic system† as having â€Å"declared war on the trade unions and workers’ participation† when considering the impact of the global financial crisis on the trade union movement and labour policies, specifically in the EU. This is even more important with the austerity drive being pursued by the current UK coalition government as, following the announcements of substantial budget cuts for the public sector, unions have advised that they intend striking to protect both their members’ jobs... An Assessment of the Need for Worker Representation in the 21st Century Hutton believes that the employment relations culture in 2010 resembles that of the 1970s and this causes many employees to take employers to employment tribunals to obtain justice. He highlights that â€Å"around a third of all people at work have experienced some form of unfair treatment in the past year†, the gender pay gap and low pay as evidence that there is a need for â€Å"a more effective collective worker voice in the workplace†. Employment relations are as difficult an area as ever, with workers still requiring protection within the working context, whether through legislation or union representation. Employers seem determined to exclude workers from decision making and regard them as simply resources, like fixtures and fittings, with no opinions, attitudes or voices of their own once they enter the workplace. Representation is still required, and will continue to be so until employers realise that employees’ full participation in organisational decision making improves the bottom line. One area that organisations might like to explore in this respect, is stakeholder theory. Although most organisations pay lip service to stakeholders other than shareholders, adopting such an approach would generate many positive benefits, including within the employee relations arena. The key issue to be addressed is the power differential between employer and employed. Until this is resolved, employees will still be treated poorly and still require representation, both as individuals and collectively.

The Chimney Sweeper | Analysis

The Chimney Sweeper | Analysis William Blake was a famous writer of the Romantic Age which took place in 1832. William Blake wrote two poems called The Chimney Sweeper. The first poem had to do with innocence. The second Chimney Sweeper poem by William Blake had to do with experience. Even though both poems have the same title doesnt necessarily mean that theyre the same. They have a few things in common, but also have a plethora of items that are different. In both poems called The Chimney Sweeper, they share similarities and differences between narration, rhyme scheme, tone, and theme. Blake also shows how both poems are influenced Romantically, he gives the reader a visual and represents many symbols that are used in todays society. As far as rhyme scheme, they both have words that rhyme at the end of each line and stanza. The boy says When my mother dies I was very young, and my father sold me while yet my tongue. (lines 1-2 p. 85) In songs of experience, Blake writes A little black thing among the snow Crying weep, weep, in notes of woe! (lines 1-2 p90) Both poems are also expressed romantically in a few ways. In the Romantic days, writers felt there was a new literature being birthed. The poetry had to do a lot with humanity and nature. Poets tended toward emotion and child like perspective. Poets also showed much regard for the natural scenes and used words like child, imagination, and nature because they thought they were popular. (Mellown p. 1) In Songs of Innocence the young boy tells his story. The boy is about six or seven years old. Much of the imaginative power of the poem comes from the tension between the childs naivetà © and the subtlety of Blakes own vision. (Mellown p.1) In the first stanza, he talks about his way of life. He talks about how his mother dies. He was sold as an apprentice by his father. His present life revolves around working, calling through the streets for more work, and at the end of the day sleeping on soot, a realistic detail since the boys did indeed make their beds on bags of soot they had swept from the chimneys. (Mellown p.1) The second stanza introduces a young boy named Tom Dacre, who comes to join the workers and is initiated into his new life by a haircut. Tom cries as he gets his hair cut off, but the speaker makes him feel better by saying Hush, Tom! Never mind it, for when your heads bare, you know that the soot cannot spoil your white hair (lines 6-7 p. 85). What that means is all of the dirt from sweeping chimneys wont get in his hair. Tom takes the advice and goes to sleep happily. (Mellown p. 2) The next three stanzas give the substance of the dream. Tom dreams that thousands of sweepers locked in coffins are released by an angel. Suddenly, they find themselves in a pastoral landscape where, freed from their burdens, they bathe in a river and then rise up to the clouds. There, the angel tells Tom, if hed be a good boy, / Hed have God for his father never want joy. The dream is an obvious instance of wish fulfillment, and its pathos rests on the fat that while it reveals the childs longing to escape, the opening and closing of the poem make it clear that his only ways of escape are dreams and death. (Mellown p. 2) What this means for Tom is that maybe when he is dreaming he can escape what he goes thorough in life and just be happy. The last quatrain opens with a brutal contrast. Having dreamed of playing in the sun, Tom awakes, and the sweepers begin their days work, a day to be spent in the total darkness of the cramped chimneys. Yet, restored by his dream, Tom is happy, and the poem ends with the pious moral, akin to the angels speech, So if all do their duty, they need not fear harm. (Mellown p. 2) So he goes through the rest of his life knowing that heaven was in his future as long as he was good. In The Chimney Sweeper, songs of experience, Blake talks about some of the things a little black boy goes through. Using the same rhyme scheme as songs of innocence he says A little black thing among the snow crying weep, weep in notes of woe! Where are thy father and mother? Say? They are both gone up to the church to pray. (lines 1-4 p. 90) In the next stanza Blake describes how his parents are at church praying for him because he is so happy on the outside but not showing his true pain. He sings and dances because he is happy and his parents think that everything is ok and no damage has been done. He says And are gone to praise God and his Priest and King, who make up a heaven of our misery. (lines 11-12 p.90) Blake could have possibly used a bit of sarcasm in songs of experience. In songs of innocence some themes and symbols were the bags, abandoned in the dream and picked up again with the brushes the next morning. This says that the terrible burden of the childs life, which is the good indicates the corruption of a society that uses and abuses him. The coffins are like a symbol of death. They represent the chimneys that he sweeps and the actual death to which he will soon come. In contrast, the sun, river, and plain express the joys that should be natural to childhood, which is also a symbol of the way nature is appreciated in the romantic age. Yet, even symbols associated with happiness intensify the harsh facts of existence. The bright key recalls imprisonment; the harmony of the leaping boys emphasizes their isolation in the chimneys; and the lamb, whose curling fleece Toms hair resembles, is often, as is the sweeper, a helpless victim. (Mellown p. 2)

And Now For Someone Completely Different :: Essays Papers

And Now For Someone Completely Different When the six foot five inch man that is John Cleese is mentioned, most people see him in their minds eye complaining about his dead parrot or as the brave Sir Lancelot. What many people don't think of, though, is his involvement with multiple other productions, not all of them comedy. His involvement, too, stretches from just simple acting. John Cleese is truly a Renaissance man of the media. John Cleese went through school wanting to be in the legal profession and he received his M.A. degree from Downing College in Cambridge. He soon abandoned his plans in law, however, when he had a great success with Footlights, the performing arts society for Cambridge. He met his future writing partner and Python member Graham Chapman in Footlights. Cleese had an appearance in the Footlights Revue which was a campus production that later was shown in London's West End, and then again, as Cambridge Circus, on Broadway in 1964 (Current Biography). He stayed in New York to perform in the British musical Half a Sixpence. When he returned to England he was approached by David Frost to help write and to perform in Frost's new weekly BBC comedy show, The Frost Report, in 1965. Chapman was also working on The Frost Report, with other to be Python members Eric Idle, Michael Palin and Terry Jones (The Life of Monty Python). Cleese went on with his writing partnership with Chapman after The Frost Report, working on such titles as The Magic Christian, based on the novel by Terry Southern (The Fairly Uncreative Monty Python Site). Cleese's largest comedy hit came when he joined up again with Chapman, Idle, Palin, and Jones. Together, with American cartoonist Terry Gilliam, they created the notorious Monty Python's Flying Circus. The whole group co-wrote and starred in this "breakneck barrage of satiric skits, [and] surreal cartoons" (Current Biography) for several years; drawing over ten million viewers each week. The Monty Python sextet would later collaborate to write books, do live performances, and make movies, such as Monty Python and the Holy Gail (1975), a spoof on the legend of King Arthur and his quest for the Holy Grail, and The Meaning of Life (1983), which was Monty Python's view on the stages of life (TFUMPS). At the emerging point of his career that was his BBC works, he met American actress Connie Booth, who he would wed in 1968 (TLOMP). The couple would write and star in a small motion picture in 1974 but would have great success in the television And Now For Someone Completely Different :: Essays Papers And Now For Someone Completely Different When the six foot five inch man that is John Cleese is mentioned, most people see him in their minds eye complaining about his dead parrot or as the brave Sir Lancelot. What many people don't think of, though, is his involvement with multiple other productions, not all of them comedy. His involvement, too, stretches from just simple acting. John Cleese is truly a Renaissance man of the media. John Cleese went through school wanting to be in the legal profession and he received his M.A. degree from Downing College in Cambridge. He soon abandoned his plans in law, however, when he had a great success with Footlights, the performing arts society for Cambridge. He met his future writing partner and Python member Graham Chapman in Footlights. Cleese had an appearance in the Footlights Revue which was a campus production that later was shown in London's West End, and then again, as Cambridge Circus, on Broadway in 1964 (Current Biography). He stayed in New York to perform in the British musical Half a Sixpence. When he returned to England he was approached by David Frost to help write and to perform in Frost's new weekly BBC comedy show, The Frost Report, in 1965. Chapman was also working on The Frost Report, with other to be Python members Eric Idle, Michael Palin and Terry Jones (The Life of Monty Python). Cleese went on with his writing partnership with Chapman after The Frost Report, working on such titles as The Magic Christian, based on the novel by Terry Southern (The Fairly Uncreative Monty Python Site). Cleese's largest comedy hit came when he joined up again with Chapman, Idle, Palin, and Jones. Together, with American cartoonist Terry Gilliam, they created the notorious Monty Python's Flying Circus. The whole group co-wrote and starred in this "breakneck barrage of satiric skits, [and] surreal cartoons" (Current Biography) for several years; drawing over ten million viewers each week. The Monty Python sextet would later collaborate to write books, do live performances, and make movies, such as Monty Python and the Holy Gail (1975), a spoof on the legend of King Arthur and his quest for the Holy Grail, and The Meaning of Life (1983), which was Monty Python's view on the stages of life (TFUMPS). At the emerging point of his career that was his BBC works, he met American actress Connie Booth, who he would wed in 1968 (TLOMP). The couple would write and star in a small motion picture in 1974 but would have great success in the television

It Happened One Night: Screwball Comedy Essay

It Happened One Night set the place for the â€Å"screwball† comedy, the witty and romantic clash of temperaments between a man and a woman mismatched in both personality and social position. Through one of the greatest romantic comedies in film history, Frank Copra shows the outlandish nature of the rich and the nature of man being the controller in relationships as well as in society. It is the reversal of the Cinderella story, a modern tale with light hearted sex appeal in which courtship and love triumph over class conflicts, socio-economic differences, and verbal battles of wit. The fighting and struggles between the two main characters showed the man taking care of the woman, the social norms of how men and women should act around each other in that era. But the fighting and the banter also show a strong-minded and intelligent woman. The two strong-willed main characters balanced each other out. One of the most famous scenes in the movie is the one in which, on their travels, Ellie and Peter are forced to share a one-room motel cabin overnight and Peter hangs a blanket on some rope to provide the debutante the privacy and respectability she demands. The by-play of Ellie and Peter’s reactions on the separate sides of the blanket are brilliant evocations of what lies behind the facade men and women show one another in romantic situations. Along their journey, Ellie falls in love with Peter; but when he vanishes from the motel where they are lodged and contacts her father later; she believes he was only interested in the reward. The escapist theme of the film is the story of the unlikely romantic pairing of a mismatched couple, which is appropriate during the Depression Era, of an indifferent and recently-fired newspaper man and a snobbish, superior-acting heiress a runaway on the lam. After discovering Ellie’s true identity, Peter decides to help her so that he can get an exclusive story about her life, her marriage, and her escape. As they travel northward and engage in a series of misadventures, the gruff newspaperman and the spoiled rich girl, thrown together by circumstances, who loses her initial disdain for him, begins to fall in love. The movie is considered a â€Å"screwball† comedy because the dynamic between Ellie and Peter, because it is not all one-sided. Although Peter is quite bossy, Ellie sometimes gets the better of him. In the hitchhiking scene, for instance, it is Ellie, not Peter, who succeeds in getting the car to stop to pick them up. She remains herself, a bright, intelligent, strong-minded woman. The film is composed of a road trip by bus, car, foot, and by thumb in locales such as bus depots or interiors of buses, and the open road throughout the film by the social-class-unmatched couple. From the very beginning of the story, these two characters have been down each other’s throats because their personalities are so different from the other one. Some of the most classic scenes were made: the â€Å"Wall of Jericho† scene in an auto-camp bungalow so that they can sleep in the same room, the doughnuts-dunking lesson, the hitchhiking scene, the night-time scene on a haystack in a deserted barn, and the dramatic wedding scene. Ellie and Peter argued over everything from getting the seat on the bus in the beginning to the time when they were trying to find a place to sleep in the middle of the night when the bus broke down. Despite the witty remarks towards one another, they find themselves through all the fighting along with each other as a romantic relationship starts to bloom. Love triumphs in the end of the movie and the wall of Jericho falls down. Peter’s personality is completely different from Ellie’s personality. Peter does not let things bother him, or at least does not let it show. Peter is constantly â€Å"playing it cool† when he is around Ellie, when actually he is just as desperate as Ellie is. Although Ellie and Peter have completely opposite personalities and tend to not get along very well, they begin to see the bright side of one another and fall in love. Even though the two are fighting, with no money, and no hope, they still are traveling trying to survive, but in the end everything tends to happen for a reason.

buy custom Self-Harming essay

buy custom Self-Harming essay Content This research seeks to investigate self-harming in the society. It also investigates the trends of self-harming and the reasons that explain why individual do this act. This study is particularly essential because this issue affects lives of people in the society and seeks to clarify some of contentious issues surrounding this behavior. The research explicates a self-harm behavior, most effective treatment and concludes by giving a theory that seeks to explain that behavior. The scholars have more or less agreed about my topic, and my paper argues for a better interpretation. Methodology A comparative case study is the methodology that this study utilizes. The utilization of the comparative case study is because of abundance of information dealing with the topic of discussion. In addition, by looking at past researches on the topic of discussion, this research ascertains various opinions made concerning self-harming. It also establishes ways to prevent self-harming among individuals. Research Findings Self-harm is committed when someone purposely damages his body. However, self-harming is nonconforming to the intention of committing suicide, but as a way of expressing deep emotional dissatisfaction in individual life such as negative self-esteem, hypersensitivity to rejection and suppressed anger and sadness among others. Some of the examples of self-harm includes; cutting the skin, burning the skin, use of friction to burn skins, bruising of ones skin, refusal to take needed medication, hitting ones self, destructive or dangerous behavior such drugs and substance abuse among others (Block, Smith, Segal, 2010). Cutting of ones body People dealing with past trauma or facing a variety of frustrating issues in their lives have resulted into self-harm as a solution to their problems. The most common example of self-harm behavior is cutting of ones body. Cutting and self-injury may make one committing self-harm a bit relaxed but then results to a permanent pain, which renders the act useless. Therefore, this makes the act unattractive way of dealing with the stresses. Cutting is not easily seen because those who commit the act may feel shameful and thus device ways to conceal their act. Therefore, it is not easy to identify people believed to have cut their skin because of clothing, which covers physical injuries, and the victim can as well hide the inner feeling by assuming calm composition. Some of the characteristics of cutting that one should be on a look out to identify one who has self-harmed himself comprise the following. The self-harmer may have unexplained wounds over their bodies. This may result from the tendency of inflicting pain in their body by cutting themselves. These unexplained wounds can be inform of fresh or scars resulting from cuts usually in the wrist, arms, thighs, neck or chest (Block, Smith, Segal, 2010). Another sign of self-harm is an indication of sense of depression expressed by the party believed to have mutilated his / her body. How individual behaves and feels may show the presence of cuts in the body (Hyman, 2000). For example, the presence of bad moods expressed by an individual may result from the presence of cuts in the body or intention to commit such act in the near future to run away from the reality. Other things that can show depression in individual includes low self-esteem, tearfulness, lack of motivation and loss of energy, which can result to self-mutilation (Hyman, 2000). The individual explanation for the causes of scars or fresh cuts in the body can be a sign for the self-injury mostly where the explanation given doe not make sense. Therefore, someone who claims to be involved in frequent accidents as results of his clumsy behavior may shoe high likelihood of involvement in self-harm. Cutting of ones body may also result in covering up of the parts that sustain those types of injury. The act of covering up can be evident in cases where one keeps on always wearing long sleeves, to cover up the scars present on the arms. This will be associated, with individual uneasiness, to relate well in the society for fear of stigma (Motz, 2009). Self-harm also reaches addictive point in some individual at a certain stage in life. In addictive stage individual tends to believe that the self-harm to be the only solution to the problem or depression is undergoing. When individual becomes an addict will be terribly adamant to change in the behavior, which may make him unable to relate well with other people in the society (Plante, 2007). Cutting of ones body as a way of expression of deep feelings may result to shame or fear of social stigma. This will make individual perceive themselves less wanted in the society which instead of solving the problem, tends to worsen the situation by putting that individual in a worse situation of inability to cope with societal life (Block, Smith, Segal, 2010). Some individuals mutilate their bodies in an attempt to catch attention or gain sympathy. Therefore, this makes them do anything to gain the attention, which can result into fatal body harming. As a result, the individual's health gets affected making him be less efficient in the general conduct of activities to support him in life (Block, Smith, Segal, 2010). Self mutilation inform of cutting oneself body part as a way to express deep emotional dissatisfaction is not a good thing, as supported by the impact of the act on the general well being of individual in society. It is pertinent for individual to feel appreciated in the society for him to function well. Therefore, anything that results the individual to the negative perception of the societal way of life may create more problems rather than solving the problems. Self-harming has a negative effect on the individual body. For example, cutting of once body as earlier on pointed may crate permanent pain in ones life associated with nursing of the wounds already created. Most effective treatment Accorrding to Motz (2009) it may prove extremely challenging for one to get out of this behavior of self-mutilation, but there are mechanisms that can prove fruitful in achieving this objective. The effort to recovery may be very challenging and may wish one to maintain the original status quo of continuity of self-mutilation. However, with the help of family, friends and professional along side with self-reflection one can realize this dream of liberation from these cycles of self-mutilation. The following steps comprise treatment of self-harm. The first step is for individual to decide to stop committing such behavior. This is paramount step as change starts within. Therefore, it is essential for an individual to question their need for change (Block, Smith, Segal, 2010). This will enable assess his motivation of changing, which will build up the desire to change and assessing the strength and weaknesses in the process of change he wants. Another fundamental consideration in the decision-making process is deciding when the individual would like to change. This is crucial as it gives the set period for accomplishment of plans and realization of goals. In addition, this helps individual to be prepared mentally in the effort of stopping self-mutilation. However, the set time should be realistic to avoid future frustration. This should lead to the next crucial step of acknowledging that self-mutilation aims at self-soothing the individual in question (Smiith, 2006). The next step is confiding in someone about the thing that you have kept secret for the duration of time. This may appear impossible thing to do keeping in mind that you did intended for long duration, to remain silent about the matter. The individual should confide to the right person; someone whom cannot gossip and the one who can understand the sensitivity of the matter, and can help that individual in remaining in the right truck towards recovery. In this stage, it is important for individual to disclose all material fact to relieve him from pain and anxiety that could lead to disastrous ending. Individual should set boundary by answering only questions that he feels comfortable to answer; this will help build cordial relationship between the individual and the confiding party (Smith, 2006). Individual addresses self-harm by first acknowledging that the issue is a problem and need to stop doing it. Secondly, self-harm treatment involves talking to a mentor. Thirdly, identifying all factors that individual believes to be the fueling agents of the self-harming act. This will give the individual upper hand in deciding and coming up with measures of addressing the problem. Finally, the individual should figure out what role self-injury serve in his life and the impact to the way of life in terms of how he fits in the society. This will enable the individual to substitute self-harm with other method, which well as well put the problem in question to rest (Plante, 2007). Theory explaining why people cut themselves According to the Linehans biosocial theory, having negative feelings can fuel one to commit self-harm in following ways: Firstly, she believes that the individual problem solving, and emotional solving is interfered when one is angry or feels ashamed. Secondly, shame-related emotions can directly lead an individual to punish himself by inflicting pain. Anger and shame reduces the chances of one solving the problem at hand, by making them keep to themselves what could have been otherwise been solved. Anger, specifically inhibits the possibility of achieving cordial relationship been the individual and the party that could have been involved to find a lasting solution. Those individuals that perceived more likely to self-mutilate themselves are the one perceived to suffer from borderline personality disorder (BPD). BPD is critical condition characterized by abnormal functioning of emotions, behavior and cognition (Linehan, 2000). Therefore, following the Linehans biosocial theory inability of individual to function well experienced inform of emotional dysfunction, behavior abnormality and lack of cognition may cause self-harm due to one or more of the following ways; negative self-esteem, extreme anxiety, extremely sensitive to rejection, substance abuse disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder among other factors (Linehan, 2000). Conclusion Although self-harm is justified by some individual as proved by the reported cases, there are many cases not featured because of the tendency of those who commit the act trying to conceal their acts because of the shame attached to the act. As pointed self-harm ranges from various acts, which to some extent individual may even be unaware that they are already involved in that cycle. However, in most cases self-harm proves to be disastrous as it does not solve the problem instead it procrastinate the required action leading to further complication. Therefore, other means of solving depression, emotional anxiety and stressful encounters in life need adoption instead of relying on the cutting-self-harming act. Those who do the act need care because in most cases, they are oblivious of their act. In addition, they need assistance during rehabilitation to good well being. Buy custom Self-Harming essay

What Is SAT Reading Comprehension How to Practice

What Is SAT Reading Comprehension How to Practice SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you're readingthis guide, you may have heard the term SAT Reading Comprehension. It's an olderterm to describe a specific type of SAT Critical Reading question.While the term is outdated, SAT Reading Comprehension is still very important today. The questions fromReading Comprehension are used as apart of the new 2016 SAT Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section. If you hadn’t heard about the new 2016 SAT, read all about the changes to the SAT here before continuing to read this article. Reading Comprehension is a big part of the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section. You need to understand what it is, what types of skills it tests, and how to practice it in order to succeed on the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section. What Is SAT Reading Comprehension? SAT Reading Comprehension refers to a specific type of SAT question that was in the SAT Critical Reading section on the old SAT and will be in the new 2016 SAT Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section. This type of question is more commonly referred to aspassage-based readingbecausethat's the termthe College Board uses on SAT score reports. You can see an examplefrom a 2015 score report below: If you’re familiar with the old SAT, you know that the SAT Critical Reading section asked two types of questions: sentence-completion and passage-based reading questions.On the new SAT, the SAT Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section will no longer have sentence-completion questions but will still have passage-based reading questions. The new passage-based reading will be slightly different.The new passage-based reading will test all of the same skills covered on the old SAT plustwo new skills.I’ll cover the exact skills below. What Skills Are Tested The new SAT’s passage-based reading questions will ask you questions related to five passages: One passage dealing with US and World Literature Two passages dealing with History and Social Studies Two passages dealing with Science When answering questions about these passages, you’ll be asked 8 types of questions (each utilizing a different skill). The first 6 were also skills required for the old SAT. Skills 7 and 8 are new for the new SAT: #1:Identifying the Meaning of Vocabulary in Context This kind of reading comprehension SAT question asks you about what a specific word means in the context of the passage. Often, the word is relatively common (not like the old sentence completion words such as â€Å"aberration†). However, these common words are usually being used in an uncommon way. Sometimes they have multiple meanings, and the less common meaning is being tested. Example In line 23, "ran" most nearly means fled gathered traversed betrayed #2: Identifying the Big Picture / Main Point of the Passage For these questions, you’ll be askedwhatthe overall purpose of the passageis.Is it meant to inform, review, contradict, prove, parody, or hypothesize? Example The primary purpose of Passage 1 is to make a comparison argue a hypothesis justify a clarification highlight a concern #3: Identifying the Purpose of Small Details in the Passage These questions typically refer to a specific line or two and ask you about a specific detail. It might also ask what a phrase or paragraph is accomplishing in the context of the whole passage. Example Which best describes the function of the statement in lines 10-13 ("From...world")? It summarizes the points made in the first paragraph. It provides support for the argument made in the preceding statement. It introduces a contrasting opinion. It challenges recent scientific findings. #4: Interpreting the Meaning of a Line, Paragraph, or Whole Passage / Making an Inference For these questions, you need to interpret the meaning of a line, paragraph, or the whole passage. These won't be asking for subjective interpretations. There will always be only one correct answer. Example The author of the passage would probably agree with which of the following statements about the "Kafka" referred to in line 37? His books were too long. He was ahead of his time. He should be more widely taught. He was crazy. #5: Identifying the Function of a Phrase or Sentence in the Passage To answer these questions, you need to figure out what effect a phrase or sentence has in the passage. Example In lines 4-5, the author refers to her â€Å"flighty nature† primarily in order to imply that Ophelia has only a superficial feelings for Gerald. suggest that Ophelia is excessively concerned about appearances. illustrate some of the exaggerated claims made Ophelia’s uncle. emphasize Ophelia’s unpredictability. #6: Identifying the Author’s Tone, Style, Voice, Attitude, or Perspective Author Techniquequestions ask what the author's tone, style, voice, attitude, or perspective is. Example The author discusses Ethiopian culture from the perspective of a concerned spectator a shocked visitor a knowledgeable insider a well-read outsider #7: Interpreting Data This is one of the new skills. For these questions, you have to interpret graphs or charts and say which fact they best support or least support. You don't need to be a science or data expert to get these questions right, but you need to be able to read and interpret graphs and charts. #8: Providing Evidence Support This is the other new skill for the new SAT. These questions come in sets of two. The first asks a question about the passage, and the second question asks you where in the passage you got your evidence for the first question. Examples Via College Board's Test Specifications for the Redesigned SAT How to Practice First and foremost, you need to know the test format and strategies, so there are no surprises the day of the test.Learn more about each type of passage-based reading question, the best passage-based reading strategies, and the best way to study SAT vocabulary for the new SAT.This knowledge will help you shape your study plan. After learning this material, you need to incorporate SAT practice tests into your study routine.Check out the best SAT reading comprehension practice tests and questions. What’s Next? If you're taking the SAT, you should learn about the format of thenew SAT,and also, check out some general tips onhow to prepare for the SAT. Before you start studying for the SAT, figure out what’s a good score for your target college. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Reading lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Human Resource Management in Context Assignment

Human Resource Management in Context - Assignment Example 5). Key Developments in Human Resource Management – Hard and Soft Versions: The above-mentioned reason is enough to explain so many developments in Human Resource management in recent times. Human Resource Management can be differentiated between hard and soft versions. The followers of hard version treat their employees as one of the inputs in the business and try to utilize them in the best possible way to generate the most profit. For this, they try to reduce cost and try to focus on flexibility techniques. On the other hand, the followers of soft version of Human Resource Management believe employees to be the most precious asset of the organization and they apply different strategies to retain their employees and to make them happy (Armstrong, 2009, p. 5). It would be wrong to say as to which technique is the best. Companies choose a version on Human Resource Management depending upon its core values and company’s philosophies and design their HR strategy according ly. There are companies that apply a combination of both soft and hard versions of Human Resource Management. ... HR professionals would deal with the concerns of the employees as they arise from the employees’ side. However, the view of looking at an HR professional and the span of its roles and responsibilities have changed drastically over time. Now, HR professionals are seen in most organizations as business partners (Hunter, 2006, p. 6). The word â€Å"business† in Business Partners implies a strategic intervention. It refers to something that has to be implemented from the top i.e. designing the strategy. Besides, the term â€Å"partners† refers to working alongside, and at the same level with that of the top management (Charles and Fombrun, 1984 , p. 3). Now, HR professionals sit with the top management, help them, and advise them in designing a company’s strategy and that is where the role of strategic HRM comes into play (Charles and Fombrun, 1984 , p. 3). Once, a company’s strategy is designed then HR strategy is designed keeping in view companyâ€⠄¢s strategy. For example, if company’s business strategy is cost leadership so the culture in the organization would be such that would incentivise its employees on cost-cutting activities and the like (Kenton and Yarnall, 2009, p. 2). This is why, when today one talks about HR professionals, he talks about someone who is working hand in hand with the company in order to implement its strategy from top to bottom, and is thus playing a role of a Business Partner of that company. External Contexts of HRM: Today’s HR professional has to be aware about the key developments in the business or in business’ strategy. Moreover, he also has to be aware about the external context in which the business operates. By external context, we mean a company’s macro environment. This includes socio-cultural,