Argumentative Essay Risky Giving - 1317 Words

â€Å"Risky Giving† In the Name of the Father and of the + Son and of the Holy Spirit. Amen. â€Å"Oh, you shouldn’t have. It’s too nice. It’s too expensive. I don’t deserve it. You shouldn’t have bothered†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"You bought me a present? Why would you do such a thing? Oh, I know you think you’re being generous, but the foundation of gift giving is reciprocity. You haven’t given me a gift. You’ve given me an obligation.† (Sheldon Cooper, Big Bang Theory) And that’s how our world – and our sinful nature – understands gift-giving, no matter when it happens: not a gift, but a transaction, a bargain, a deal. We give in order to get in return. To our old sinful nature, gifts are marked Free with an asterisk. There are always conditions or strings attached to our gift giving. Now I’ve gotta do something for you. Give something back. Measure up. And we treat a day of Thanksgiving no differently. Obligation. Duty. Somehow, we must give God a gift of equal measure – a thank you note worthy of his appreciation. But there’s the hang up; you can’t. What could you possibly give that Jesus doesn’t already have? If life and forgiveness with God is a transaction, our sin leaves us dead every time; sorry, but your card is denied; your credit is no good here. We’ve got it all backwards. For man’s ways of gift-giving are not God’s ways: In the fullness of time God gave His only begotten Son, to be born of a Virgin, to be born under the Law to redeem us who are under the Law. He was given up, betrayed. HeShow MoreRelatedArgumentative Essay : Education Reform1906 Words   |  8 Pages Asehun 1 Senay Asehun Ms. McAlister Eng. 112 – 21 28 April, 2016 Argumentative Essay on Education Reform The year is 2012. In the movie Back to the Future II, two years from now, in 2016, Marty McFly travels from the past to save his family’s future. The future is almost upon us, and yet it would seem that our education system has changed little since Back to the Future hit theaters in 1985. â€Å"We still have same teachersRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages............................................................................................ 97 Being Too General .............................................................................................................................. 101 Giving Too Many Details .................................................................................................................. 105 Being Pseudoprecise .........................................................................................Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesare especially relevant for students who have had little managerial experience or skill training. These supplements foster skill development needed to implement assignments typically included in a management skill-building course. Writing reports, giving class presentations, interviewing managers, and conducting group meetings are all prerequisites for building skills in the core management skill areas, so we have provided material on these three topics that students will find helpful. 18 INTRODUCTION Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Human Resource Management (HRM)? 544 glOBalization! Performance Appraisal Around the World 558 An Ethical Choice Recruiting the Unemployed 561 Self-Assessment Library How Good Am I at Giving Performance Feedback? 563 Myth or Science? â€Å"Work Is Making Us Fat† 564 Point/Counterpoint Social Media Is a Great Source of New Hires 567 Questions for Review 568 Experiential Exercise Evaluating Performance and Providing Feedback 568 Ethical DilemmaRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesDevelopment Department was established to provide il coordination between departments, but they have not really helped. They just stick their nose in when things are going good and mess everything up. They have been out to see several customers, giving them information and delivery dates that we can t possibly meet. John Rich: I have several engineers who have MBA degrees and are pushing hard for better positions within engineering or management. They keep talking that formal project managementRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pagesmore sophisticated, articulate, and unwilling to settle for what management theorists call the lower-level needs. â€Å"Managing participation is a balancing act: between management control and team opportunity; between getting the work done quickly and giving people a chance to learn; between seeking volunteers and pushing people into it; between too little team spirit and too much.†7 This requires managers to become better teachers and coaches, mentors, and developers of human pot ential, rather than â€Å"whip-wielding

Jane Eyre s Life Was Full Of Oppression, Neglect And Sorrow

Jane Eyre’s life was full of oppression, neglect and sorrow. The novel was formed around a few main ideas. One of those would be the search of love and acceptance. Jane wanted to find a family so desperately and she wanted to belong to people. More than this though, Jane wanted to be treated equally. She was denied equality because of her social status, her income,her lack of â€Å"beauty† and most of all because of her gender. The book Jane Eyre shows the struggle that women face while attempting to overcome oppression and inequality in the Victorian era. Ever since she was a child, Jane had always been outspoken and opinionated. Even though these two characteristics were not seen to be fit for a girl or women, Jane always had the confidence to do the opposite of what was expected of her. An example of this is in the beginning of the novel, when Jane fights back to her brutal cousin John Reed. John was a bully to Jane and in one specific scene, he calls her a rat and m ocks her for being an orphan. He throws a book at her and her head starts to bleed. Jane says, â€Å"Wicked and cruel boy! You are like a murderer- you are like a slave driver- you are like the Roman emperors!† This was surprising because Jane was only a small child and small girls did not normally show anger or say harsh things like she had. After this scene, my opinion of Jane’s character had already began to form: she was one tough girl. It was obvious that Jane had always questioned society s view of

George Orwell’s Animal Farm Free Essays

In the allegorical novel â€Å"Animal Farm†, author George Orwell reminds us how power can corrupt an individual. â€Å"Animal Farm† tells us about the rebellion of animals against humans. The rebellion is a great success and pigs, being the most intelligent animals, take control. We will write a custom essay sample on George Orwell’s Animal Farm or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, as time goes on, life for the other animals becomes worse while the pigs prosper. Orwell based this book on Russian communism and used Stalin as prototype for Napoleon. He also tries to demonstrate that once a person has complete power, that individual will become corrupt and will do anything in order to maintain it. Orwell wanted this novel to be a warning for future societies. An example of that is seen in the character Napoleon who slaughters any animal who openly opposes him. He also uses different methods of psychological manipulation and physical threats to maintain his hierarchy of leadership. Napoleon attempts to maintain his power by threatening animals physically, even slaughtering them. For instance, he slaughtered four pigs that opposed him when he abolished the Sunday Meetings. Napoleon killed them using his dogs because they questioning and criticizing his decisions and leadership. If that continued, other animals would start to analyse the situation and come to the conclusion that Napoleon was in fact a poor and corrupted leader. Napoleon could not let this happen, so he murdered the pigs because they confessed that they had been secretly in touch with Snowball ever since the expulsion, that they had collaborated with him in destroying the windmill, and that they had entered into an agreement with him to hand over Animal Farm to Mr Frederick†. Napoleon also murdered three hens (that had been the ringleaders in the attempted rebellion over the eggs) after they stated that Snowball had appeared to them in a dream and incited them to disobey Napoleon’s orders†. However, it is obvious that Napoleon simply decided to get rid of all opposition. Mass murder was not the only physical threat used by Napoleon. At one point in the novel, hens did not wish to give up their eggs to Napoleon, so he cut off their food supply. Napoleon starved the hens because they opposed him, just like the pigs. Orwell tries to show us that once a dictator gains power, he will not accept any criticism or opposition and will simply murder whoever questions his leadership. For example, a Chilean dictator called Augusto Pinochet murdered over forty thousand people during his first month of power simply because they questioned his decisions. But, Napoleon could not always go to extreme measures such as executing the opposition so he employed Squealor to persuade animals through rhetoric. For example, Squealer, Napoleon’s right hand, made up a statistic that animals had more oats, more hay and more turnips than they had had in Jones’s day. They also worked shorter hours, had better quality drinking water, lived longer, saw an increased number of their young ones survive infancy, had more straw in their stalls and suffered less from fleas†. In combination with complete isolation from other farms, other animals could not prove Squealer wrong so they believed that they actually had a much better life than other farms. In reality, the animals had even lower food rations than those living on other farms. Napoleon also encourages other animals to use Boxer’s slogans such as â€Å"Napoleon is Always Right† and â€Å"I Will Work Harder†Ã¢â‚¬ . Boxer is very loyal to Napoleon due to his low intelligence but he is respected by other animals because of his strength and stubbornness. Napoleon knows that animals will listen to Boxer and try to work as hard as Boxer. In this case, Orwell tries to show that dictators carefully control the flow of information and simply block anything that could potentially harm them (a contemporary example is the Chinese government blocking web-sites such as YouTube because they sometimes contain information that the government deems to be inappropriate). However, making up statistics would not be enough to control the animals so Napoleon used patriotic songs and the seven commandments in order to manipulate the animals. He attempted to make the other animals believe that he was the wisest, kindest leader they had. He did it by replacing â€Å"Beasts of England† â€Å"with â€Å"Comrade Napoleon†Ã¢â‚¬ , a song that contains lyrics such as â€Å"Full belly twice a day, clean straw to roll upon; Every beast big and small sleeps at peace in his stall, thou watchest over all, Comrade Napoleon! This song helps Napoleon maintain his leadership as the animals believe every word it says. Another example of biasing the truth is when Squealer explains why pigs take apples and milk. He justifies it by saying â€Å"Milk and apples contain substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig. We pigs are brain-workers. The whole management and organization of this farm depends on us. Day and night we are watching over your welfare. It is for YOUR sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples. Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed in our duty? Jones would come back! Yes, Jones would come back! â€Å"† Squealer confuses animals with words such as â€Å"substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig † and then acts on the fear of the fact that Jones may come back, although in reality Jones was on the other end of the country. Dictators such as Stalin justified their actions using reasons similar to Squealer’s. These reasons were similar in a way that they acted on people’s fears, causing them to believe everything Stalin said. Orwell’s novel is based on Russian communism and it criticizes the decisions and methods used by Stalin using Napoleon as a representation of him. However, Orwell also tries to warn future generations. Orwell wanted to show what the future would look like if nobody ever questioned their leaders. He wanted to show that once a person obtained great power, he could become corrupt and a many people would suffer because of it. People need to speak their mind, criticize and question everything their government says, otherwise leaders will not care about their people. But, at some point, people may get tired of totalitarianism and they will rebel against their leaders, just like people did in Egypt. One last thing that Orwell wanted to show is how much propaganda can influence people and how hard it can be to regain freedom of speech using examples of the mass executions of animals and the fact that nobody â€Å"dared to speak his mind â€Å"after this mass slaughter. â€Å" How to cite George Orwell’s Animal Farm, Essay examples

Information Technology Tools in Business-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Role of Information Technology in Enabling Open Innovation. Answer: Introduction In the present dynamic and continuously changing business environment, it is necessary for the organisations to continuously evolve and innovate in order to sustain, survive and thrive in the long run. Open innovation is a relatively new field of study which encourages the organisations to innovatively collaborate with their external stakeholders which includes their customers, suppliers etc. to contribute to the development of the organisation by supplying ideas and methods to innovate. In order to implement open innovation in the organisations, a number of mechanisms have been developed and proposed in the past, and are also being developed continuously. The most common and widely practiced approach to open innovation as suggested by Gassmann and Enkel is the one involving the outside in and inside out flow of knowledge (Gassmann Enkel, 2004). The outside in flow of knowledge and innovation takes place when the ideas come from the external partners towards the decision makers of t he organisation, encouraging them to innovate and experiment with different approaches. An example of this approach is increasing customer focus of the organisation. On the other hand, the inside out flow of knowledge for open innovation of an organisation is said to be practiced when the external partners of the organisation accelerate the commercialization of innovative ideas related to the firm, and help in their realization. An example of Inside Out flow of knowledge can be the organizations selling their intellectual property (Desouza, 2007). This research report is written with an intent to explore and analyze the role of information technology and study how it acts as an enabler of open innovation. It has been seen in the past few years that there is a tremendous increase in growth towards innovation or general knowledge to maximize the advantage of not just innovation, but also the strategies that can help the organizations in examining the practice of open innovation (Huizi ngh, 2011). Therefore, there is a need of implementation of open innovation in the organizations today. Innovation is considered as an important approach to analyze the competitive power in the long term in this unstable economy and the business environment. Nowadays, organizations are suggested to take an open approach to work with their evolution process and assist them to collaborate with their partners, consumers, retailers or other individuals that can provide innovative ideas. This approach is called the open innovation, which is gaining a lot of support by organizations all around the world. Open innovation is a new form of innovation that is making the firms carry out and assessment of their leadership positions (Lam, 2004). This approach helps in the reflection of the productivity and profitability of the organisation, as well as their performance with the strategies. Adopting an open approach to innovation has helped the organisations in reviewing their business strategies and models, in order to embrace the non traditional and innovative ideas and approaches to business operations. Major corporations like IBM, GE, Boeing, and Proctor Gamble have integrated online crowdsourcing platforms as part of their open innovation programs. Likewise, the open source software movement is also often viewed as a role model for open innovation (Whelan, et al., 2009). While some of these experiments and approaches may struggle by challenging the current views of the workplaces on strategy, the same could also contribute towards the success of these approaches (Carmen Jose, 2008). Related work Information technology in general has been observed to contribute significantly towards the adoption of open innovative practices by the organisations. There are a number of finer levels of information technology practices, which when studied specifically, can help in gaining a better understanding of the complexities of this contribution and the capabilities of these technologies in enhancing the organisational performance and productivity. This section of the report comprises of a brief description of some of the relevant researches that have been conducted in the area of information technology and its role in the promotion of open innovation in the organisations. This section also highlights the work or studies completed by the experts in their respective fields, related to the topic of the research report. Open innovation is a term coined by Henry Chesbrough which implies to a concept that advocates in favour of the organisations, to work towards the exploitation of the inflow an d outflow of knowledge, in order to accelerate the internal innovation within the organisation and also expand and promote the use of innovation in the external areas. This is a by product of the world becoming increasingly boundary free due to advancement in technology and information systems (Chesbrough, 2003). Schumpeter has differentiated between innovation, which involves the introduction of new products, methods or forms of industrial organization, and invention, which is the discovery of technical knowledge which is new to the industry and finding its practical applications (Schumpeter, 2009). Information technology is divided into various smaller modules that help in studying the role of IT in enabling open innovation. These smaller modules will help in improving the understanding of IT in open innovation by providing extracted level of analysis. Also, these different modules of IT may cancel out functionalities or features of each other and thus, do not impact much on the p rocesses of open innovation. According to the study, the role of IT in open innovation made by these smaller modules are considered as of much importance. The previous studies stated that these final modules help us in analyzing the association between the IT and the innovation (Steiber, 2012). These modules also provide the explanation of the role played by the smaller module of IT in enabling open innovation by forming a strategy towards innovation. The implementation of new and remarkably important study which describes the product and services or a new method in bringing the best practices in business or workplace organization developing external relations are there factors of innovation. The organizations try to improve their marketplace and have developed ways that are beneficial for their operations in terms of monetary and financial actions. However, it has been observed that there is no specific strategy that can help any organization to make it successful in each and every case. The suggestions provided to the organizations with the help of partners, people, consumers, retailers, suppliers etc is known as open up innovation process. Many organizations prefer to use open innovation strategy to build business Alliance with other organizations (Razavi Attarnezhad, 2013). The innovation is also considered to have happened if it is implemented by the organization. A creation is a very immediate or direct concept of open innovation to increase the chances of innovation. Many companies or organizations moving or changing their strategies toward open innovation approach so as to enhance their chances of innovation. This can be better explained by an example which says that many organizations have created the web pages or websites which help the target visitors or customers to submit their views or ideas who visit their website for some information. In addition to this, the customer online communities like blogs, forums, and clubs are the sources for retriev ing the creative ideas from the potential clients that can bring into perfection the organization innovation process. On using an open innovative approach, organizations canevaluate their output or results to find out whether their output and the efficiency of the organization increases, decreases or remains constant or static with respect to their present situations. Open Innovative literature consist of search conflicting results related to the effectiveness of the approach. These conflicting results have also been explained by many organizations. Financial benefits, number of revolutions, and change of innovations measures and forms a creative idea to evaluate the impact of various open innovation practices implemented to improve the performance. To accelerate the internal open innovation for inflow of knowledge, which is the first process or inbound open innovation and the expansion of the market for the external use of open innovation is called outbound process. Inbound open in novation and outbound open innovation are compatible with the scanning of latest technologies while integrating the customers retailers. External knowledge and practice of bringing the new and latest ideas to the market for selling different packages are made with the help of outside in and inside out respectively (Azar Ciabuschi, 2017). There are different processes with the help of which the applications of IT help in the open innovation processes. First part of these processes is known as knowledge management which helps in improving the capability to search and improve the data management the data mining techniques. This also helps in analyzing the knowledge from existing databases by connecting knowledge connection or network. The second one is known as the innovation production which helps in identifying the opportunity to develop the concept and designing innovation (Carlsson Session, 2017). The third one is called external innovation partnership which has been creating the bonds for exchanging the information with different organizations or partners and developing the relationship between organization and other service providers. Based on the absorption capacity theory there are three processes or mechanism which helps in introducing the IT enabled knowledge capabilities that helps in achieving innovation. T hese are described as: IT enabled potential absorptive capacity IT enabled realized absorptive capacity, and IT enabled social integration capacity. Based upon this segregation and on the motivational condition described in the research paper, this study helps us in identifying the role of IT enabled capabilities that helps in the promotion of open innovation. Therefore, there is a continued sequence that is not perceptibly different from each other with respect to inbound and open innovation approaches. The organizations which are using the inbound open innovation might buy the technological resolutions. For the innovation and to support and integrate the user defined ideas which are collected from the end users using the resources like websites, blogs, forms, etc. These are the general strategy used by the organizations as an inbound open innovation which is called innovation figures. So, there are also innovation providers which help the organization to send the products to the sellers. The study of approaches towards innovation like, open innovation, can help us understand the role of IT in an open innovation. While the open approach to innovation is growing in its popularity, there is a lack of detailed literature and empirical studies on this topic that will help in quantifying the impact that this may have on the organizational performance and profitability. That being studied, this research describes the gap to get the detailed understanding of the role of IT in enabling an open innovation from different perspectives. In the information technology literature, there is a concept of open source software which is a best example for the open innovation, which requires special attention. It has observed in the study by William R. King on Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning that there are three approaches which can be used by the organization for the innovation process (Knig, 2009). The first one is the knowledge management which helps in improving the c apability of the user to search and implement various data mining techniques so as to generate valuable information from the existing database. The second one is the innovation production which helps in identifying the opportunities, development of concepts, and designing innovations. The third one is the external intervention collaboration which helps in building the business line organized with the external market. A number of organisations belonging to different industries are strategizing and continuously and innovating their approaches to embrace the volatility and the continuous change within the business environment. A few examples of these are observed in the form of platforms like Lego ideas which is a Japanese subsidiary of The Lego group that allows people to suggest ideas for the development of Lego (Starbucks, 2017). A poll is then conducted, in which the ideas receiving maximum support are developed and the person contributing to the same is rewarded. Another such init iative isstarted by Starbucks by creating a website through which anyone is allowed to submit their unique and innovative business ideas related to the coffee products, customer service, customer experience and the organizational involvement in the society to Starbucks.Dell Idea Storm was another innovative practice launched by Dell in February 2007. With the help of their website, they allow people to add articles and promote or demote them to help the organisation in estimating and understanding the ideas that the people consider relevant or important (LEGO Group, 2017). Preliminaries Open Innovation and its adoption has gained momentum in practice as well as theory over the last decade. This section of the research report comprises of the preliminary information related to the research, by defining the theoretical constructs related to open innovation, as well as an explanation of the basic concepts related to it. This also covers the boundary conditions required for the implementation of open innovation in the organisations, and the motivation that the organisations get behind it (Stowe Grider, 2014). This research report deals with the identification and exploration of the role that information technology plays in enabling open innovation in the work places and the organisations. Some of the basic concepts and definitions that need to be understood to study the implications of the same are compiled in this section (Koen, 2008). Innovation The organization for Economic Co-operation and Development has defined innovation as the practice of implementation of a product, process, marketing method or the organisational method which is new and significantly improved, in the business organisation and practice. If an organisation commercializes an idea related to a business product, service or the business process, they are said to have innovated in their business practice (Schmidt Rammer, 2006). The gathering or creation of knowledge that is abstract or the mere invention of a new product or business process cannot be considered innovation until the same is transformed in the organisation into operating procedures or tools that contribute to the growth of the business in any way (OECD, 2005). Most approaches to describe innovation processes incorporate three generic steps: a phase where ideas are collected or generated (idea generation), another one to develop and specify those ideas (idea development) and finally the culminating step where creation of value takes place by the transformation of ideas into products (idea commercialization) (Polder Mohnen, 2010). Open innovation Innovation is an organisation specific, and continuously evolving strategy and there is no single form of innovation that works every time for any given organisation or idea. Open innovation is an approach of business innovation, in which, the organisation opens up to the inside out form of knowledge gaining by inviting ideas from the external sources and stakeholders of the organisation. Traditionally, innovation was implemented in the organisation in a closed form by having an in-house research and development team which used to carry out studies and analysis to produce innovative ideas and contribute to the growth of the business. Quite opposite to it, open approach of innovation allows the firms to operate together in collaboration with the individuals as well as organisations outside (Chesbrough Appleyard, 2007). Popularized by Chesbrough as a business idea, open innovation accelerates the internal innovation process of the organisation and also expands their market for a bette r inflow of information, knowledge and innovative ideas. Co-creation and crowd sourcing are some of the most common forms of open innovation that are practiced by the business organisations today. Open innovation is gaining a lot of popularity in the present business world with a number of organizations shifting their innovation strategies towards this approach. Open innovation expands the chances and possibilities for the organisation and increases their inflow of knowledge. It should be noted that open innovation is not an objective decision as there are a number of approaches that are closely related but still different from each other, that need to be considered when adopting the open innovation approach for an organisation. While there are success stories like those of Starbucks, Dell and Lego being the organisations who have leveraged open innovation approach and have benefited from it, this approach can only be effective when combined with a detailed in house study of the inn ovative ideas gathered by the sources as well (Gassman, et al., 2010). Research methodology and expected outcomes The research design adopted to carry out this study is descriptive research design. Most of the studies carried out that are related to market trends and social issues follow the descriptive and exploratory research process. In this research we have explored the topic of open innovation and the role of information technology in its promotion among the business organisations (Chesbrough Crowther, 2006). This research has looked for you new insights related to these topics and developed propositions for further research on the same. This research will help the reader in gaining a better understanding of the topic of open innovation as well as communicate how information technology helps in the enhancement of the same among the organisations (IBM Corporation, 2005). A descriptive research answers the basic Who? What? Where? When? and How? questions. It helps in building a picture of the problem being explored, and is used to examine the key issues or trends related to it (Hall, 2012). The data collected for this research has been majorly sourced from secondary data sources. These are the various published and unpublished articles, magazines, websites, researches and peer reviewed journals which contain data related to the topic being researched (Chesbrough, 2015). This is a qualitative research that gives out an ideographic description of the topic and the concepts related to it. These type of researches are rich in context and possess a high validity quotient. Qualitative research helps in raising more open ended questions that increase the scope of further research on the selected topic. It helps in the development of ideas for products, services and business processes like open innovation and helps the organisations in strategizing and developing policies that guide their processes and overall performance (Yun, et al., 2016). This research will help in the generation and development of ideas related to open innovation for the organisations and supply a greater depth and wider context to this topic. An ad hoc research addresses a given issue or topic at a certain point of time. For this research, and ad hoc study has been conducted by the finding out and analyzing the contribution of information technology in popularizing and enhancing the use of open innovation by the organisations (Deloitte, 2013). Findings and discussion Open innovation is found to be beneficial for the organisations as it helps in broadening the range of theoretical perspectives for the organisation for the development of their business processes and getting more ideas to change the way they strategize their working. This also makes the results of the research process more dynamic and fosters innovation by increasing the impact and the proliferation level of the resultant ideas. Although there are a number of organisations and the examples of their cases available, that have helped them in flourishing and making the management research process better equipped and more effective, there are still ongoing debates about the theoretical foundations of open innovation as the statistical evidences on this topic are lacking due to this being a new concept in business development. The three core open innovation processes that have been identified are 1) The outside-in process: Enriching an organizations own knowledge base through the integra tion of suppliers, customers, and external knowledge sourcing can increase a company's innovativeness. 2) The inside-out process: The external exploitation of ideas in different markets, selling intellectual property and multiplying technology by channelling ideas to the external environment. 3) The coupled process: Linking outside-in and inside-out by working in alliances with complementary companies during which give and take are crucial for success. The introduction of open innovation strategy in the business environment has posed a challenge in front of the traditional strategies followed by the organisation. In order to promote open innovation and make use of the ideas that are generated from this, it is necessary that the organisations validate the ideas for their ownership and the possibility of creation of value for the organisation. Another factor that is important and should be kept in mind by the organisations adopting the open innovation business strategy is to ensure th at the contribution and idea generation process for open innovation is transparent and fair. To promote an unbiased inflow of ideas, the businesses must also work towards claiming the ownership of the ideas being raised for excluding any other organisation from copying the idea, or working on it at the same time. Technology has not only fostered the process of adoption of open innovation by the business organisations, it has revolutionized the way organisations make use of this approach to analyse the strategies and develop their products and services. The information technology tools like websites, web portals and open source programs have further widened the reach of these strategies, and has allowed maximum participation of the external sources in contributing towards innovating the business practices of the organisation adopting this approach. The given figure lists the organisations operating in the field of information technology that rely on various degrees of open and closed innovation. Figure: Adoption of open and closed innovation strategy by the organizations (Chesbrough, 2015) In the above matrix the organisations are classified on the basis of the strategies for the creation of value for the organisation and the method they adopt for capturing the created values. Value creation is done by either in house team that conducts the research and development activities for the organisation, or by adopting the open innovation approach driving the community to contribute towards the generation of ideas for innovation by the business. The other dimension comprises of capturing the value that is created by both open and closed initiatives for the business development and its realization by the organisation or by the larger community to which the organisation belongs to. This variance can be seen in the working of these organisations. For example, Microsoft is an organisation having an in house value creation team which works towards building ideas for the development of the organisation and the value that is created from those ideas is also captured within the busin ess organisation only by keeping source codes of their operating system and other applications within the organisation (Chesbrough, 2013). Similarly, Google Inc. is one organisation that creates value with the help of advertisers and capture this value within the organisation only by keeping their proprietary search algorithms as the intellectual property of the organisation and also keeping the auction bidding system of Google for the advertisers only. While both Microsoft and Google have benefited by practicing these approaches, the organisations and individuals working within and close to their environment have also benefited from the same. To give an example for the same, a number of organisations place their ads on the Google search engine which helps in bolstering their performance and in turn benefits Google financially. Quite opposite to this principle, the community driven initiatives produce ideas for goods and services that help in value creation across a larger group of people and contribute to the public good. In the world of information technology, Linux is the biggest examples of open source operating system that allows coordination and invention in a collective manner by allowing the people to contribute to their growth and allowing them to use the services of the organisation as well. Information Technology enables the organisations to collaborate their capability and further strengthens the open innovative strategies of the organisations by linking their external partners, who are the contributors of the innovative ideas, to the medium that is used for information exchange (Vanhaverbeke Chesbrough, 2014). If an organisation wishes to optimally utilize the open innovative strategy, and attract the external partners for the contribution of information and innovative ideas, they require an implementation of information technology tools. These tools coordinate the business process, and make it faster and more effective. The organisations that ar e willing to innovate more openly are more likely to make use of information technology tools by synergizing the ideas with the methods for application for the same into the business processes. This helps in external collaboration of the information for open innovation of the organisation. Just like the information technology tools empower external collaboration, they also allow the internal members of the organisations to communicate and collaborate in a better way. Particularly, the integration and networking tools of information technology provide a mechanism to these members to integrate and collaborate with each other (Cassiman, 2013) These tools promote interaction among the members and keep them connected by allowing easier and faster way of communication within and outside the workplace. They also help in coordinating the business activities. The information technology tools create a seamless network for the people in the organisation to devise the tools and share the knowledge on real time basis (Hague, 2009). With the help of the IT enabled mechanism of the organisation, the people within and outside the organisation are able to collaborate and co-ordinate with each other to share and store the data collected by them andcan easily gain access to this data whenever and wherever required. The internal communication systems, organisation specific social networks, blogs and organisational websites are the most commonly used information technology tools that enable internal collaboration and information exchange in the organisations. Once the information from these internal and external sources has been acquired i t is important to make use of this knowledge and transform it to improve the organisational performance by forming innovative strategies and policies (Cosh, et al., 2014). In this stage as well, information technology plays an important role by providing the organisations with tools like integrated process management, systems for knowledge management, data storage and retrieval software etc. that support the entire knowledge processing system of the organisation (Gassmann Enkel, 2010). Additional programs like those for improving business intelligence, analyzing the organisational performance and the data, data mining software, software that help in creation of a simulation environment that lets the organisation test the ideas, support system for organisational decision making, the analytical processing of the organisational data, data compilation tools like digital dashboard, technologies that help in virtualization and visualization of the created ideas and programs and the exper t systems that help in reasoning of the cases being analysed and ideas being processed are all a product of information technology. Organisations that lean towards innovative information technology tools, can exploit the ideas generated from both external and internal sources better and accomplish their goals for open innovation. The information technology tools provide a structure for knowledge processing and testing by the organisations, in order to allow them to get maximum benefits from the ideas generated in the previous steps (Gassmann Enkel, 2010) Conclusion This research report comprises of a study of the role that information technology plays in enabling open innovation in the organisations. For this, a brief overview of the concepts of open innovation and the various practices related to it is included in this report, along with a study on the general role of information technology in the business operations. This research offers valuable contribution in the field of open innovation as well as information systems in business. For the study, the business innovation process has been analysed to identify the various steps involved in it, and how changing the approach of business Innovation process and its alignment towards open innovation can bring about changes in the business process and strategies. This report can provide the business practitioners, decision makers and managers with useful insights regarding open innovation and the collaboration of the ideas generated for the same, which is done with the help of application of informa tion technology tools in business. Being an academic research, there are certain limitations to this research that should also be addressed here. Any research carried out primarily for academic purposes is generally limited in the availability of time and resources available for the conduction of it. The same holds true for this research. Another limitation that this study suffers from, is that it uses secondary data sources for the gathering the data for the research. The credibility of the data collected relies heavily on the credibility of the sources from which it has been collected. Following a qualitative research design for the conduction of this study, an accurate figurative measurement could not be made for measuring the impact of information technology on the adoption of open innovative practices by the organisations. Therefore, there is a further scope of research in this topic by adopting a quantitative research model to study the monetary benefits that the organizations can or are enjoying by adopting this practice. Being an extremely dynamic area of research, information technology and its trends and developments keep on changing and progressing rapidly. Therefore, further studies should be continued on this topic so that the knowledge on these areas is enhanced to adopt more innovative practices in the workplaces and to help the managers with their decision making process. 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